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^"permissions":^"read":ӶӺ,"update":ӶӺ,"delete":ӶӺ,"admin":ӶӺ°,"user":^"id":6,"name":"Sarah Oberbichler"°,"id":"Cuu1snjf3y","ranges":Ӷ^"start":"/divӶ3Ӻ/divӶ4Ӻ/divӶ1Ӻ/pӶ15Ӻ","startOffset":0,"end":"/divӶ3Ӻ/divӶ4Ӻ/divӶ1Ӻ/pӶ17Ӻ","endOffset":499°Ӻ,"quote":"I shall not bore you with a detailed exposition of Piaget’s theory of equilibration.Ӷ6Ӻ But I do want to suggest that this theory, too, is essentially a cybernetic theory. Norbert Wiener defined cybernetics as “control and communication in the animal and the machine”.Ӷ7Ӻ Let me first focus on the notion of control. For Piaget, knowledge is adaptive insofar as it enables us to control experience and to maintain our equilibrium. I hasten to add that “equilibrium” is a multileveled concept that covers survival on the physical/biological level as well as coherence and non-contra-diction in the conceptual sphere.\nThis is one of the points where, I think, Humberto Maturana and Piaget are in agreement. Maturana speaks of “effective action” – and it is easy to translate “effective action” into Piaget’s terms as any action that maintains or restores the actor’s equilibrium.\nAnd there is another connection that may be worth making. Bill Powers, who has developed his own theory of control, frequently points out that there are always two ways of counteracting an “error signal”. On the one hand, an organism can try to act so that what it perceives changes towards the reference it has chosen; on the other, the organism can change the reference so that it fits what it perceives.Ӷ8Ӻ In general terms, the reduction of an error signal is always a move towards equilibrium.","highlights":Ӷ^"jQuery3210302923750808538062":^°°,^"jQuery3210302923750808538062":^°°,^"jQuery3210302923750808538062":^°°,^"jQuery3210302923750808538062":^°°,^"jQuery3210302923750808538062":^°°,^"jQuery3210302923750808538062":^°°,^"jQuery3210302923750808538062":^°°,^"jQuery3210302923750808538062":^°°,^"jQuery3210302923750808538062":^°°,^"jQuery3210302923750808538062":^°°Ӻ,"text":"","order":"mw-content-text","category":"Argumentation2","data_creacio":1566379868298°
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