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^"permissions":^"read":ӶӺ,"update":ӶӺ,"delete":ӶӺ,"admin":ӶӺ°,"user":^"id":6,"name":"Sarah Oberbichler"°,"id":"Zs0t2lesdo","ranges":Ӷ^"start":"/divӶ3Ӻ/divӶ4Ӻ/divӶ1Ӻ/pӶ14Ӻ","startOffset":0,"end":"/divӶ3Ӻ/divӶ4Ӻ/divӶ1Ӻ/pӶ16Ӻ","endOffset":611°Ӻ,"quote":"Piaget did not start out as a psychologist or as a philosopher. He started out as a biologist. When he speaks of “adaptation” or “adaptedness”, he uses these terms in their original biological sense. To understand him, one has to have a clear idea of what adaptation meant to Darwin, Mark Baldwin, and others who influenced Piaget during his formative years. This meaning is not at all abstract but practical. Any organism that manages to get by the constraints set by its environment is adapted.\nWhen Piaget applied this notion to the activity of knowing, he stepped out of the epistemological tradition of the Western world. Knowledge was no longer expected to provide a “true” picture of an absolute reality – something the sceptics of all ages had shown to be impossible. Instead, it was to be seen as a means towards the organism’s equilibration.\nI shall not bore you with a detailed exposition of Piaget’s theory of equilibration.6 But I do want to suggest that this theory, too, is essentially a cybernetic theory. Norbert Wiener defined cybernetics as “control and communication in the animal and the machine”.7 Let me first focus on the notion of control. For Piaget, knowledge is adaptive insofar as it enables us to control experience and to maintain our equilibrium. I hasten to add that “equilibrium” is a multileveled concept that covers survival on the physical/biological level as well as coherence and non-contra-diction in the conceptual sphere.","highlights":Ӷ^"jQuery3210266436671543879952":^°°,^"jQuery3210266436671543879952":^°°,^"jQuery3210266436671543879952":^°°,^"jQuery3210266436671543879952":^°°,^"jQuery3210266436671543879952":^°°,^"jQuery3210266436671543879952":^°°Ӻ,"text":"Weil ein Organismus sich anpasst, um die durch seine Umgebung gesetzten Einschränkungen zu überwinden, passt sich auch Wissen an, um das Gleichgewicht des Organismus zu erhalten. Wissen kann somit kein Abbild einer absoluten Realität sein. ","order":"mw-content-text","category":"Argument","data_creacio":1551210059650°
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