]> 2026-05-25T00:34:52+02:00 Annotation:Text:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Lwk3t9pbuo 248 en ^"permissions":^"read":ӶӺ,"update":ӶӺ,"delete":ӶӺ,"admin":ӶӺ°,"user":^"id":6,"name":"Sarah Oberbichler"°,"id":"Lwk3t9pbuo","ranges":Ӷ^"start":"/divӶ3Ӻ/divӶ4Ӻ/divӶ1Ӻ/pӶ14Ӻ","startOffset":0,"end":"/divӶ3Ӻ/divӶ4Ӻ/divӶ1Ӻ/pӶ16Ӻ","endOffset":390°Ӻ,"quote":"If the feedback model is to be of use in the study of the more complex forms of behavior we see in animals, and in humans, we shall have to give it some capability for learning. In Craik’s words (1966, p. 59),\n\nWe should now have to conceive a machine capable of modification of its own mechanism so as to establish that mechanism which was successful in solving the problem at hand, and the suppression of alternative mechanisms. Although this may seem a great demand, we can be comforted by the reflexion that animals and man can only modify their activity within the limits imposed by their anatomy, or the materials and machines available; though it is a great demand, it is not an infinitely great one.\nIn a sense, the solution lies in this very early statement of the problem. It consists in establishing and recording for every kind of error signal (problem) “that mechanism which was successful in solving the problem.” In other words, if there are several kinds of disturbance and, consequently, several kinds of error signals, the system has to discover which of the activities in its behavioral repertoire is most likely to correct a particular error signal. On the simplest level this can be achieved only through inductive inference.\n\nA living system, due to its circular organization, is an inductive system and functions always in a predictive manner; what occurred once will occur again. Its organization (both genetic and otherwise) is conservative and repeats only that which works (Maturana, 1970, pp. 15–16).\nThe simplest learning system, thus, will have a repertoire of several different activities and at least one sense organ and one comparator that generates an error signal whenever the sensory signals do not match the reference value. What it has to learn (i.e., what is not determined by fixed wiring), is to make the error signal trigger the particular activity that is likely to reduce it.","highlights":Ӷ^"jQuery321065111689862318982":^°,"sizzle1579290335239":^"undefined":^"parentNode":Ӷ2347,31,trueӺ°°°,^"jQuery321065111689862318982":^°,"sizzle1579290335239":^"undefined":^"parentNode":Ӷ2435,31,trueӺ°°°,^"jQuery321065111689862318982":^°°,^"jQuery321065111689862318982":^°,"sizzle1579290335239":^"undefined":^"parentNode":Ӷ1552,31,trueӺ°°°,^"jQuery321065111689862318982":^°°Ӻ,"text":"","category":"Argumentation2","data_creacio":1563895167901° 2020-01-17T20:45:59Z 2458866.3652662 2020-01-17T19:46:06Z 2458866.3236806 Text:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Lwk3t9pbuo