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^"permissions":^"read":ӶӺ,"update":ӶӺ,"delete":ӶӺ,"admin":ӶӺ°,"user":^"id":6,"name":"Sarah Oberbichler"°,"id":"Nozn1kjyr5","ranges":Ӷ^"start":"/divӶ3Ӻ/divӶ4Ӻ/divӶ1Ӻ/pӶ32Ӻ","startOffset":0,"end":"/divӶ3Ӻ/divӶ4Ӻ/divӶ1Ӻ/pӶ33Ӻ","endOffset":578°Ӻ,"quote":"The all-embracing purposiveness that Aristotle ascribed to the universe as a whole sprang from a metaphysical world view incompatible with the engineering interests of the cyberneticians who generated their own definition of ‘purpose’ when they launched the new discipline some decades ago. \n\nAny theory starts off with an observer or experimenter. He has in mind a collection of abstract models with predictive capabilities. Using various criteria of relevance, he selects one of them. In order to actually make predictions, this model must be interpreted and identified with a real assembly to form a theory. The interpretation may be prescriptive or predictive, as when the model is used like a blueprint for designing a machine and predicting its states. On the other hand, it may be descriptive and predictive as it is when the model is used to explain and predict the behaviour of a given organism. (Pask, 1969; p.23; italics in the original.) \n\nGordon Pask links the prescriptive purpose with the preposition ‘for’, the descriptive with ‘of’, and he completes this by adding that “any system with a purpose for it … also has a purpose in it” (loc.cit., p.24). \nA simple example may illustrate this. Having got tired of buying matches, someone may decide to design a cigarette lighter. Lighting cigarettes will be the purpose prescribed for the gadget. “People do not build purposeless machines” (loc.cit.). Prescriptive purposes, therefore, are there prior to their embodiment, which then has the particular purpose in it.","highlights":Ӷ^"jQuery32108604521753538622":^°°,^"jQuery32108604521753538622":^°°,^"jQuery32108604521753538622":^°°,^"jQuery32108604521753538622":^°°,^"jQuery32108604521753538622":^°°Ӻ,"text":"","order":"mw-content-text","category":"Argumentation2","data_creacio":1579287930916°
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