Editing Annotation:The Construction of Knowledge/Ukz6e8z73a

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|AnnotationOf=The_Construction_of_Knowledge
 
|AnnotationOf=The_Construction_of_Knowledge
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|LastModificationDate=2018-12-05T19:15:22.048Z
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|AnnotationComment=These: Realität wird konstruiert; Sub-These: Wissen ist konstruiert
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|LastModificationDate=2018-12-05T19:09:02.504Z
 
|LastModificationUser=User:Sarah Oberbichler
 
|LastModificationUser=User:Sarah Oberbichler
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|AnnotationMetadata=^"permissions":^"read":ӶӺ,"update":ӶӺ,"delete":ӶӺ,"admin":ӶӺ°,"user":^"id":6,"name":"Sarah Oberbichler"°,"id":"Ol4sh6qy5y","ranges":Ӷ^"start":"/divӶ3Ӻ/divӶ4Ӻ/divӶ1Ӻ/pӶ4Ӻ","startOffset":298,"end":"/divӶ3Ӻ/divӶ4Ӻ/divӶ1Ӻ/pӶ4Ӻ","endOffset":1527°Ӻ,"quote":"For a child, learning two or three languages is no problem whatsoever if the\nlanguages are spoken in the everyday environment. Indeed, the child for the most part\nis unaware of speaking different languages to different people. But then, in the course\nof growing up, the child reaches the stage when the first philosophical questions begin\nto bubble up. It happens around the time of puberty. You stand in front of a mirror\nand for the first time ask yourself: Who am I? Why am I here? What is all this about?\n– And philosophy begins.\nHaving grown up the way I did, you sooner or later also come to ask another\nquestion. You realize that the differences between the languages are not merely a\nmatter of vocabulary or grammar, but a matter of looking at the world. This inevitably\nraises the question, which of these ways of looking might be the right one. But then,\nbecause you have been living quite happily among people who look at the world\ndifferently, you realize that this is a silly question, because all the speakers of one\nlanguage obviously think that theirs is the “right” way of looking at the world. After a\nwhile you conclude that each group may be right for itself and that there is no\nrightness outside the groups.","highlights":Ӷ^"jQuery3210169021961169336652":^°°,^"jQuery3210169021961169336652":^°°,^"jQuery3210169021961169336652":^°°,^"jQuery3210169021961169336652":^°°Ӻ,"text":"","order":"mw-content-text","category":"Argument","data_creacio":1544033635296°
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|AnnotationMetadata=^"permissions":^"read":ӶӺ,"update":ӶӺ,"delete":ӶӺ,"admin":ӶӺ°,"user":^"id":6,"name":"Sarah Oberbichler"°,"id":"Ukz6e8z73a","ranges":Ӷ^"start":"/divӶ3Ӻ/divӶ4Ӻ/divӶ1Ӻ/pӶ3Ӻ","startOffset":402,"end":"/divӶ3Ӻ/divӶ4Ӻ/divӶ1Ӻ/pӶ3Ӻ","endOffset":2237°Ӻ,"quote":"About thirty years ago, Heinz von Foerster noticed an inherent quality of the\nnervous system (and almost everybody believes that human beings must be viewed as\nnervous systems when one focuses on cognition): The signals that are sent from\nsensory elements to the cortex are all the same. This had been discovered by Johannes\nMüller around the middle of the last century, but von Foerster was, as far as I know,\nthe first to emphasize its epistemological implications.\nHe called this “undifferentiated coding”.1 What this means is that if a neuron in\nthe retina sends a “visual” signal to the cortex, this signal has exactly the same form as\nthe signals that come from the ears, from the nose, from fingers or toes, or any other\nsignal-generating part of the organism. There is no qualitative distinction between any\nof these signals. They all vary in frequency and amplitude, but there is no qualitative\nindication of what they are supposed to mean.\nIt was a very baffling observation. It has since been confirmed by Humberto\nMaturana in the field of color vision, where he has shown that the receptors which are\nsupposed to sense red – or what physicists think of as the kind of light waves we call\nred – send signals that are in no way different from the ones that sense green. If we\nare able to distinguish them, the distinctions must be made in the cortex. Yet, they\ncannot be made on the basis of simple qualitative differences, because there are no\nsuch differences.2 It is therefore unwarranted to maintain that we distinguish things\nbecause we receive “information” from what we usually call the outside world.\nFrom the epistemological point of view, this is earth-shaking. Yet if you look\nthrough the contemporary literature of psychology and especially the \tpsychology of\nperception, one finds practically no reference to it.","highlights":Ӷ^"jQuery3210169021961169336652":^°°,^"jQuery3210169021961169336652":^°°,^"jQuery3210169021961169336652":^°°,^"jQuery3210169021961169336652":^°°,^"jQuery3210169021961169336652":^°°,^"jQuery3210169021961169336652":^°°,^"jQuery3210169021961169336652":^°°,^"jQuery3210169021961169336652":^°°,^"jQuery3210169021961169336652":^°°,^"jQuery3210169021961169336652":^°°,^"jQuery3210169021961169336652":^°°Ӻ,"text":"These: Realität wird konstruiert; Sub-These: Wissen ist konstruiert","category":"Argument","data_creacio":1544032952501°
 
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