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• Annotation:Annotationen:Adaptation and Viability/Ax7ozflvhm  + (In order to survive a particular situation … In order to survive a particular situation or change in the environment, an organism must have the required characteristics before the situation or change in the environment occurs that makes these characteristics necessary. In other words, surviving organisms are adapted before the event and it would make no sense whatever to say that they did or could change because of the event. There simply is no causal connection between the selecting event or environmental pressure and the properties the surviving organisms have acquired at a prior time through mutation or some other accident.e through mutation or some other accident.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:An Introduction to Radical Constructivism/Nnvl495h6o  + (In other words, experience as well as all objects of experience are under all circumstances the result of our ways and means of experiencing, and are necessarily structured and determined by space and time and the other categories derived from these)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Dd1wdooq3z  + (In other words, if there are several kinds … In other words, if there are several kinds of disturbance and, consequently, several kinds of error signals, the system has to discover which of the activities in its behavioral repertoire is most likely to correct a particular error signal. On the simplest level this can be achieved only through inductive inference.achieved only through inductive inference.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Abstraction, Re-Presentation, and Reflection: An Interpretation of Experience and of Piaget’s Approach/Zibsapwn7j  + (In other words, one can be quite aware of what one is cognitively operating on, without being aware of the operations one is carrying out.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Knowledge as Environmental Fit/X7bfcmsiir  + (In other words, one takes for granted that … In other words, one takes for granted that what one has come to know had its own independent existence before one captured it by a cognizing effort. Given that perspective, it is indeed difficult to avoid asking just how well the knowledge one has acquired “corresponds to,” “depicts,” or “represents” what it is supposed to correspond to, depict, or represent, namely Reality. to, depict, or represent, namely Reality.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Piaget’s Legacy: Cognition as Adaptive Activity/Is7gqnhdx9  + (In other words, reality leaves sufficient room for them to work in our experiential world.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Adaptation and Viability/Umq8ebiubf  + (In other words, the basic operational elem … In other words, the basic operational elements were there, but their coordination into complex operational systems cannot be ascribed to natural selection, since it is demonstrably the result of learning in a very peculiar and highly sophisticated environment.liar and highly sophisticated environment.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Knowing without Metaphysics: Aspects of the Radical Constructivist Position/Jkeg7bli5o  + (In other words, the self we come to know and the world we come to know are both assembled out of elements of our very own experience.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Conceptual Models in Educational Research and Practice/I23sae3dn3  + (In other words, they must come to share some basic ideas on the process of education and the teaching of mathematics in particular.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/H9ojjvlqal  + (In other words, we can come to know only what we consider to be in some sense separate from our knowing selves. By questioning something, by the very act of asking what it is, we have already set our self, the questioner, apart.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Knowledge as Environmental Fit/F0mf2bs6rs  + (In other words, we cannot help realizing that our experience is subject to constraints that are altogether outside our control.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:The Development of Language as Purposive Behavior/Cd6ty5fmwl  + (In other words, what the observer calls an … In other words, what the observer calls an “object”, is for the organism an inseparable component of an activity cluster. Nevertheless, at this point the stage is set for a momentous step that opens the way to a new kind of operation. No doubt, this step, like every other in the process of evolution, is fostered by the selective pressure of the environment; but for the functioning of the organism, it constitutes a discrete novelty like the opening of a new pathway in its processor.opening of a new pathway in its processor.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Knowledge as Environmental Fit/Zom8a1siz5  + (In the cognitive realm of conceptual structures, then, the concept of viability applies to those structures which, in the cognizing organism’s past experience, have led to success.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:The Construction of Knowledge/Osa2a5qoli  + (In this changed perspective, then, knowledge does not provide a representation of an independent world but rather a map of what can be done in the experienced environment.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Abstraction, Re-Presentation, and Reflection: An Interpretation of Experience and of Piaget’s Approach/Bfg3odrse4  + (In this requirement, representation is similar to recognition. Both often work hand in hand, e.g., when one recognizes a Volkswagen though one can see only part of its back but is nevertheless able to visualize the whole.)
• Annotation:Thoughts about Space, Time, and the Concept of Identity/Iq3ju8ylqu  + (Infragestellen allgemien gültiger Annahmen)
• Annotation:Why I Consider Myself a Cybernetician/Bnnu4cjagx  + (Infragestellen traditioneller Sichtweisen)
• Annotation:The Development of Language as Purposive Behavior*/Mdgn4x8hj3  + (Infragestellen und falschen Weg aufzeigen)
• Annotation:The Development of Language as Purposive Behavior*/Rrk1y4olk5  + (Infragestellen, Irrweg aufzeigen)
• Annotation:The Development of Language as Purposive Behavior*/G16rdz762k  + (Infragestellung)
• Annotation:Why I Consider Myself a Cybernetician/Tlzc4h1p57  + (Infragestellung)
• Annotation:The Concepts of Adaptation and Viability in a Radical Constructivist Theory of Knowledge/G1c5cqfd7m  + (Infragestellung)
• Annotation:Adaptation and Viability/Wt3hz3yh9o  + (Infragestellung der allgemein gültigen Annahmen und Sichtweisen)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Piaget’s Legacy: Cognition as Adaptive Activity/Eergdxo8a1  + (Insofar as we remember these structures, we can recall them—and then they are Re-Presentations. I write this with a hyphen, to indicate that they are pieces of experience we have had and are now reviewing. They are not pieces of an external reality.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Why Constructivism Must be Radical/I8famzt2en  + (Instead of “truth.” constructivism speaks of viability and compatibility with previously constructed models. In other words, scientific models are tools.)

• Annotation:An Introduction to Radical Constructivism/Axy8ns9hny  + (Irreführungen aufzeigen)

• Annotation:Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Ddnyagkamn  + (It allows us to proceed much as a bricklay … It allows us to proceed much as a bricklayer, who can devote all his energy and attention to the creation of a wall or an arch, without ever stopping to ask where the bricks he is using came from or how they were made. And just as the characteristics of the bricks (e.g., shape and size) make it impossible for the bricklayer to build certain structures, so the ready-made conceptual building blocks impose constraints on any future construction.se constraints on any future construction.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Thoughts about Space, Time, and the Concept of Identity/Uqsfc6c3s2  + (It concerns experience alone, experience segmented into chunks, if you will, but not items that exist in their own right, independently of the experiencer.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Knowledge as Environmental Fit/Eyxb6dpfzt  + (It is analogous to asking, say, what the magnification of a telescope might be if nothing that is seen through the telescope can be seen or measured in any other way.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:The Concepts of Adaptation and Viability in a Radical Constructivist Theory of Knowledge/Hqbpcwl9qc  + (It is easy to see that a bricklayer is to … It is easy to see that a bricklayer is to some extent constrained in his building by certain basic characteristics that are inherent in the bricks he uses. In much the same way, I believe, the representation we construct of our adult experiential world is constrained by certain basic characteristics of the building blocks we are using, which is to say, the building blocks which we created during the sensorimotor period.we created during the sensorimotor period.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:On the Concept of Interpretation/Rpj5obhbh1  + (It is important to realize that the compatibility of two items does not entail their identity.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:The Development of Language as Purposive Behavior/Joziuyyrdi  + (It is in this sense that communication must be considered “instrumental”, “goal-directed”, and therefore “purposive”.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Knowledge as Environmental Fit/Yabi7ix5fk  + (It is the same trick that the statistician … It is the same trick that the statistician performs quite openly: when something has recurred a sufficient number of times, it is considered “significant”—which is to say, it is considered probable enough to be taken as a “fact.” The good statistician, of course, does not forget that it was he or she who decided the level of recurrence beyond which things were to be considered “significant.” Like the good modern physicist, he does not argue that, just because the sun has risen every morning for as long as we can remember or have records, we have the right to assume that it must continue to do so in the future. With David Hume, they know that there is no conceivable logical reason why the future should resemble the past. But, for practical reasons, we tend to assume that it will. If we did not make that assumption, we could not draw any inferences at all from past experience, and our attempts at predicting and controlling future experience could not even get started.ure experience could not even get started.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:The Construction of Knowledge/Wm8c66fbki  + (It is therefore unwarranted to maintain that we distinguish things because we receive “information” from what we usually call the outside world.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:The Concepts of Adaptation and Viability in a Radical Constructivist Theory of Knowledge/O8h5mfjw3o  + (It seems, then, that there is simply no wa … It seems, then, that there is simply no way around the assumption that organisms construct their representations of their world, their environment, or whatever one chooses to call what is outside them. In other words, an activity of construction has to be assumed regardless of whether one wants to be a constructivist or not.r one wants to be a constructivist or not.)
• Annotation:The Concepts of Adaptation and Viability in a Radical Constructivist Theory of Knowledge/V4sisdqamt  + (Jede Konstruktion, ob physisch oder mental, unterliegt bestimmten Einschränkungen, die sich aus dem Material ergeben, das der Konstrukteur verwendet)
• Annotation:The Construction of Knowledge/Ixp7nizbil  + (Jede Sprechergruppe hat für sich eine "richtige" Weise, auf die Welt zu blicken, es gibt aber keine Richtigkeit außerhalb von Sprechergruppen.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:An Introduction to Radical Constructivism/Ejuf8dv6qw  + (Just a the environment places constraints … Just a the environment places constraints on the living organism (biological structures) and eliminates all variants that in some way transgress the limits within which they are possible or “viable,” so the experiential world, be it that of everyday life or of the laboratory, constitutes the testing ground for our ideas (cognitive structures).ound for our ideas (cognitive structures).)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Conceptual Models in Educational Research and Practice/Wn9qz8ed09  + (Just as the interpretation of a piece of language is always guided by the individual interpreter’s experience and expectations, so the interpretation of what one observes is always governed by some theory one has in mind and a goal one has chosen.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:How Do We Mean A Constructivist Sketch of Semantics/H4w2btqhvp  + (Just as, for instance, the Morse code links short and long experiences of beeps to re-presentations of letters of the alphabet, so in language, sound images are linked to concepts, that is, to re-presentations of experiential units.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Why I Consider Myself a Cybernetician/R51gk0jcsu  + (Knowledge was no longer expected to provide a “true” picture of an absolute reality – something the sceptics of all ages had shown to be impossible. Instead, it was to be seen as a means towards the organism’s equilibration.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Aspects of Constructivism/Eitjn1doih  + (Knowledge, then, could be treated, not as a more or less accurate representation of external things, situations, and events, but rather as a mapping of actions and conceptual operations that had proven viable in the knowing subject’s experience.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Knowledge as Environmental Fit/Y8edpp9u4p  + (Knowledge, therefore, was knowledge of the things that caused one’s experiences, the things that were given, the data, and it could all be put together as a picture of Reality.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Knowledge as Environmental Fit/Brsz38tooa  + (Knowledge, thus, is usually assumed to be knowledge of the environment.)
• Annotation:The Development of Language as Purposive Behavior*/X8f74stx0o  + (Kommunikation ist als "instrumental", "zielorientiert" und damit "zielgerichtet" zu betrachten.)
• Annotation:The Development of Language as Purposive Behavior*/R0k8c782nv  + (Kommunikation ist ein Werkzeug)
• Annotation:The Development of Language as Purposive Behavior*/Qnx8s2knfn  + (Kommunikationsverhalten entwickelt sich in Situationen, in denen die Zusammenarbeit nicht nur die additive Aktivität mehrerer Personen erfordert, sondern auch eine Organisation im Sinne der Aufgabenteilung)
• Annotation:Adaptation and Viability/Cdgz89aatp  + (Konklusion: Die Koordination in komplexen operativen Systemen kann nicht der natürlichen Selektion zugeschrieben werden, sondern ist Ergebnis des Lernens)
• Annotation:Adaptation and Viability/Q11yok691f  + (Konklusion: Ein Organismus lernt, was zu zufriedenstellenden Ergebnissen führt)
• Annotation:Adaptation and Viability/Pui85bouz3  + (Konklusion: In der Ontologie hat Selektion nicht Eliminierung zur Folge, sondern erfolglose Versuche)
• Annotation:Adaptation and Viability/U74jy5vhph  + (Konklusion: Neue Verhaltensweisen entstehen, wie Mutationen, ohne biologischen Grund und werden von Generation zu Generation aufrecht erhalten, sofern sie die Lebensfähigkeit nicht beinträchtigen)