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• Annotation:Annotationen:Thoughts about Space, Time, and the Concept of Identity/Orsmj1g1z5  + (The pen I hold in my hand does not become … The pen I hold in my hand does not become another while you’re watching it. You are quite sure of that – at least until you’ve seen a sharper do a sleight of hand with cards. Then you suddenly realize that things can change their identity under your very eyes. It is a question of speed – and speed, after all, is the quotient of space an time. The conservation of individual identity may be more of a problem than it seemed.y may be more of a problem than it seemed.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:How Do We Mean A Constructivist Sketch of Semantics/Qyxq84o1xl  + (The point I want to make is that it is the … The point I want to make is that it is the experiencer who generates the image, the configuration that becomes the “representation”, and that this configuration is always one of several others that are equally possible within the constraints of the sensory material. This, I claim, goes for all the experiential units or things to which we give names, and it is the reason why I maintain that meanings are always subjective.ntain that meanings are always subjective.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:How Do We Mean A Constructivist Sketch of Semantics/Pht7smbl07  + (The point I want to make is that it is the … The point I want to make is that it is the experiencer who generates the image, the configuration that becomes the “representation”, and that this configuration is always one of several others that are equally possible within the constraints of the sensory material. This, I claim, goes for all the experiential units or things to which we give names, and it is the reason why I maintain that meanings are always subjective. They are subjective in the sense that they have to be constructed by the experiencer.have to be constructed by the experiencer.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:How Do We Mean A Constructivist Sketch of Semantics/Uigwach9pn  + (The point I want to stress is that from ou … The point I want to stress is that from our perspective it is attention and above all its movements that generate the conceptual structures and thus the things we talk about. These items, as I said before, cannot have an existence of their own but originate through the operations of an experiencer or observer. operations of an experiencer or observer.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:How Do We Mean A Constructivist Sketch of Semantics/Zkhy51itjb  + (The problem of meaning thus comes down to the problem of how we generate units in our experience such that we can associate them with words, and how we relate these units to form larger conceptual structures.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:An Introduction to Radical Constructivism/Zrmagm8yfp  + (The products of conscious cognitive activity, therefore, always have a purpose and are, at least originally, assessed according to how well they serve that purpose.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:An Introduction to Radical Constructivism/Hu8t7ivxxd  + (The question is unanswerable, because no matter what we do, we can check our perceptions only by means of other perceptions, but never with the apple as it might be before we perceive it.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Knowledge as Environmental Fit/Ffnlniggh4  + (The radical constructivist, therefore, mus … The radical constructivist, therefore, must not be thought to do away with “objectivity”—he merely defines it in a different way. Any concept, event, theory, or model will be considered “objective” if and only if it has proved to be viable not only in one’s own organization of the experiential world, but also in the particular area of conceptual organization that proves to be a viable model for the experiential worlds one imputes to others.experiential worlds one imputes to others.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Jv9v5wdu9q  + (The rep- resentation, therefore, will have … The rep- resentation, therefore, will have to be no more and no less than a hypothetical model of functions, entities, and events that could “explain” regularities in the organism’s experience. And as a cyberneticist would expect, there is no way to match the model against the “real” structure of the black box.nst the “real” structure of the black box.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Knowing in Self-Regulating Organisms (A Constructivist Approach)/Rgsagcgxj3  + (The salient point in all this is that, since this “reality” manifests itself only in failures of our acting and/or thinking, we have no way of describing it except in terms of actions and thoughts that turned out to be unsuccessful.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Knowledge as Environmental Fit/Vz9cv6boae  + (The scenario, in which the knower is suppo … The scenario, in which the knower is supposed to acquire “true” pictures or representations of the real world, is thus inherently unsatisfactory. If the knower can never be sure that the picture of the world which he or she distills from experience is unquestionably a correct representation of a world that exists as such, the knower is cast in the role of a discoverer who has no possible access to what he or she is expected to discover.to what he or she is expected to discover.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Js950dj36j  + (The second development made possible by th … The second development made possible by the introduction of the representational use of invariants is that they can now be used as building blocks for conceptual constructions that move further and further away from the raw material of sensory or motor signals. This shift constitutes one of the salient characteristics of all the “higher,” more sophisticated mental operations and it has consequences for epistemology far beyond the scope of this chapter.logy far beyond the scope of this chapter.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Knowledge as Environmental Fit/Ny31x2tjef  + (The self, thus, is an experiential entity to which the experiencer attributes a number of specific properties, abilities, and functions.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Pngbtm20at  + (The simplest learning system, thus, will h … The simplest learning system, thus, will have a repertoire of several different activities and at least one sense organ and one comparator that generates an error signal whenever the sensory signals do not match the reference value. What it has to learn (i.e., what is not determined by fixed wiring), is to make the error signal trigger the particular activity that is likely to reduce it.ular activity that is likely to reduce it.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Learning and Adaptation in the Theory of Constructivism/V69skpy6zw  + (The urge to know thus becomes the urge to fit, on the sensorimotor level as well as in the conceptual domain, and learning and adaptation are seen as complementary phenomena.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Anticipation in the Constructivist Theory of Cognition/P519c13mit  + (The use of a cause-effect link in order to bring about a change is based on the belief that, since the cause has produced its effect in the past, it will produce it in the future.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:On the Concept of Interpretation/Go8jrkwg07  + (The viability of an interpretation, after all, can be assessed only from the interpreter’s point of view.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Teleology and the Concepts of Causation/Vh8ic6066z  + (The way the sculptor imposes form, is by c … The way the sculptor imposes form, is by chipping away the bits of marble that do not fit into his vision. The way form is imposed on the bronze, is by pouring it into a constraining mold. Potentially, the material could end up in innumerable other forms, but the procedure of statue-making, be it chipping or casting, eliminates all but one.ipping or casting, eliminates all but one.)
• Annotation:Learning and Adaptation in the Theory of Constructivism/E8zvftzw99  + (Theorien, die missverstanden werden)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Teleology and the Concepts of Causation/Xjnnfo8noa  + (There are, for instance, the conscious or … There are, for instance, the conscious or unconscious accommodations we have to make – and make quite successfully – in the thousands of trivial routines that are indispensable in our way of living, such as retrieving the toothpaste that has fallen behind the wash basin, looking up the telephone number of a person we want to meet, locating a book on a shelf, finding our misplaced car keys, negotiating the stairs to the garage during a power failure, etc., etc. garage during a power failure, etc., etc.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:The Construction of Knowledge/Xy8dgydyu4  + (There is no constructing unless you have some form of reflection.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:The Control of Perception and the Construction of Reality: Epistemological Aspects of the Feedback-Control System/Pkmy35hasn  + (There is no good reason to believe that our senses somehow provide a one-to- one correspondence with something which we do not perceive.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Egekgp55vu  + (There seems to be no way around the assump … There seems to be no way around the assumption that, as far as the organism is concerned, an “object” must be a construct, actively abstracted from a number of experiences by holding on to a somewhat flexible constellation of characteristics and allowing each of them to vary within a certain range.ch of them to vary within a certain range.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:The Construction of Knowledge/Yehw74dp6p  + (Therefore there must be some place beyond my field of experience where the glass could be while I was busy experiencing other things or asleep.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Learning and Adaptation in the Theory of Constructivism/Twposv16hf  + (This addition was legitimate because, alth … This addition was legitimate because, although reflexive action patterns are ‘wired in’ and remain fixed for a certain time, they can eventually be modified or even dismantled by the organism’s experience. Adults, for instance, no longer manifest some of the reflexes that helped them to find the mother’s nipple when they were infants.he mother’s nipple when they were infants.)

• Annotation:Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Hq4m25toh1  + (This central item, the experiencer himself, remains mysterious.)

• Annotation:Annotationen:Learning and Adaptation in the Theory of Constructivism/Gnftdj3fe7  + (This means that learning is an activity that we, consciously or unconsciously, have to carry out ourselves. In contrast, the basic meaning of adaptation is not an activity of organisms or species.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:The Control of Perception and the Construction of Reality: Epistemological Aspects of the Feedback-Control System/Y1fflsoldg  + (This part of the loop, however, is not accessible to the organism itself, because, as Powers has said, the organism can perceive nothing but its own sensory signals)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Reflections on Cybernetics/Allfaemdcq  + (This principle is, indeed, universal. If t … This principle is, indeed, universal. If there is something we would like to create or have, we look for some specific event or action to which experience has tied the desired item as ‘effect’. If we find it, we try to implement its causal function, hoping that it will produce what we wanted.oping that it will produce what we wanted.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Knowledge as Environmental Fit/Qgvba1vpvs  + (This viability is, in principle, the same notion as in the case of the lock and the key.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Knowing in Self-Regulating Organisms (A Constructivist Approach)/Ca15tuuxgp  + (This, I believe, is as close as a constructivist can come to “objectivity”.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Knowing without Metaphysics: Aspects of the Radical Constructivist Position/Cakas2wfvu  + (This, of course, is the reason why the best teachers have always paid more attention to the sources of mistakes than to the how of students’ correct answers.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Teleology and the Concepts of Causation/Nbtl2adohh  + (Though the sequential frames that compose … Though the sequential frames that compose the concept of efficient cause are obviously abstracted from prior experience and therefore lie in the past, they can, and often are, projected as predictions into areas that have not yet been actually experienced.at have not yet been actually experienced.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Teleology and the Concepts of Causation/Sm4e3gn8n1  + (Thus it is, indeed, an inductive procedure, because ‘what works’ is seen from the organism’s point of view and selected within the organism’s own experience.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Knowing without Metaphysics: Aspects of the Radical Constructivist Position/Iksre2deu2  + (Thus the inside becomes ‘self’, the outside the individual’s ‘universe’.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Teleology and the Concepts of Causation/Szvmnrm7i9  + (Thus there was no proper causal connection … Thus there was no proper causal connection between reinforcement and subsequent behavior, because it was to some extent the rat who decided what it considered reinforcing and what not. Taylor wants to turn the effects of a feedback mechanism’s behavior into a ‘causal factor’, but he overlooks that one and the same effect does not always generate the same subsequent behavior.ays generate the same subsequent behavior.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:The Concepts of Adaptation and Viability in a Radical Constructivist Theory of Knowledge/Qcgycyjn3c  + (Thus we can say that the only indication w … Thus we can say that the only indication we may get of the "real" structure of the environment is through the organisms and the species that have been extinguished; the viable ones that survive merely constitute a selection of solutions among an infinity of potential solutions that might be equally viable.al solutions that might be equally viable.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Ybv6wh6231  + (Thus, although we can visually distinguish … Thus, although we can visually distinguish birds, coffee cups, tables, and hands from the rest of the visual field and from one another, it seems clear that a naive organism (i.e., an organism such as an infant that does not yet have a great deal of intermodally coordinated experiences) cannot visually discriminate between a hand and his own hand.criminate between a hand and his own hand.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Why Constructivism Must be Radical/Py465bmka3  + (Thus, instead of claiming that knowledge is capable of representing a world outside of our experience, we would say, as did the pragmatists, that knowledge is a tool within the realm of experience.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Thoughts about Space, Time, and the Concept of Identity/Ic5wyhdv2n  + (Thus, there is no basis for the assumption that re-presentations arise as internal images of an outside world; instead, it seems quite plausible that they constitute the material which the cognizing subject externalizes in the construction of reality.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Knowing in Self-Regulating Organisms (A Constructivist Approach)/S1dg1cdpih  + (Thus, we need Others.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:The Radical Constructivist View of Science/W408y8cj5k  + (Thus, what we ordinarily call ‘experience’ … Thus, what we ordinarily call ‘experience’ has already been ordered and structured into discrete ‘things’ by perceptual and conceptual operations which endless repetition has rendered unconscious, and by assimilation to more complex conceptual configurations that have been formed in past experience. that have been formed in past experience.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:The Reluctance to Change a Way of Thinking/Ggfynwin3d  + (To be adapted, therefore, means no more and no less than to be viable.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:The Construction of Knowledge/Rokbai5kv3  + (To be viable, a new thought should fit into the existing scheme of conceptual structures in a way that does not cause contradictions. If there are contradictions, either the new thought or the old structures are deemed to require changing.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:The Development of Language as Purposive Behavior/Xixfrqskqo  + (To begin, we may say that there could hardly have been an evolution of speech, or language, if there had not been an origin.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Anticipation in the Constructivist Theory of Cognition/Uox21p9i32  + (To believe that the future affects the pre … To believe that the future affects the present is no doubt a superstition, but to declare that purpose and goal-directed action must be discarded because they are teleological notions is no better. It shows an abysmal ignorance of the difference between empirical and metaphysical teleology.ween empirical and metaphysical teleology.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:On the Concept of Interpretation/C2rcic5sas  + (To interpret an utterance or a written pie … To interpret an utterance or a written piece of language (be it a message or a text) requires something more than the construction of its conventional linguistic meaning. In fact, to interpret an utterance requires the insertion of whatever we consider its conventional meaning into a specific experiential context.ning into a specific experiential context.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Knowing without Metaphysics: Aspects of the Radical Constructivist Position/Oczp7q8gfi  + (To know, thus, is not to have ‘correct pictures’ but, viable procedures or, as Maturana said (1988: 53), ‘to operate adequately in an individual or cooperative situation’.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:The Radical Constructivist View of Science/U2y731stlo  + (To know, thus, is to have viable procedures or, as Maturana said “to operate adequately in an individual or cooperative situation” (1988, p.53).)
• Annotation:Annotationen:The Construction of Knowledge/Kceifrus1i  + (To me, therefore, time is not, as Prigogin … To me, therefore, time is not, as Prigogine said, an illusion. If I called the construct of time an illusion, the entire world that I know, the world that I live in, would also have to be called an illusion. And that is not the way I would characterize it. Although my entire world is a construction, I can still make a useful distinction in it between illusion and reality. But remember that for me “reality” always refers to experiential reality, not to the ontological reality of traditional philosophy. If we want to construct a rational reality for ourselves, time and space are indispensable building blocks, and I would rather call “illusion” any claim to knowledge beyond the field of our experience.wledge beyond the field of our experience.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Reflections on Cybernetics/Hwbrfwl7ct  + (To my mind, this illustrates what is perha … To my mind, this illustrates what is perhaps the most valuable feature of the cybernetical analysis of phenomena in general, and of 2nd-order Cybernetics in particular. It leads us to think in terms, not of single causes and effects, but rather of equilibria between constraints. This helps to avoid the widespread illusion that we could gather “information” concerning a reality supposed to be causing our experience; and it therefore focuses attention on managing in the experiential world we do get to know. the experiential world we do get to know.)