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• Annotation:Annotationen:Knowing without Metaphysics: Aspects of the Radical Constructivist Position/Cakas2wfvu  + (This, of course, is the reason why the best teachers have always paid more attention to the sources of mistakes than to the how of students’ correct answers.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Teleology and the Concepts of Causation/Nbtl2adohh  + (Though the sequential frames that compose … Though the sequential frames that compose the concept of efficient cause are obviously abstracted from prior experience and therefore lie in the past, they can, and often are, projected as predictions into areas that have not yet been actually experienced.at have not yet been actually experienced.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Teleology and the Concepts of Causation/Sm4e3gn8n1  + (Thus it is, indeed, an inductive procedure, because ‘what works’ is seen from the organism’s point of view and selected within the organism’s own experience.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Knowing without Metaphysics: Aspects of the Radical Constructivist Position/Iksre2deu2  + (Thus the inside becomes ‘self’, the outside the individual’s ‘universe’.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Teleology and the Concepts of Causation/Szvmnrm7i9  + (Thus there was no proper causal connection … Thus there was no proper causal connection between reinforcement and subsequent behavior, because it was to some extent the rat who decided what it considered reinforcing and what not. Taylor wants to turn the effects of a feedback mechanism’s behavior into a ‘causal factor’, but he overlooks that one and the same effect does not always generate the same subsequent behavior.ays generate the same subsequent behavior.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:The Concepts of Adaptation and Viability in a Radical Constructivist Theory of Knowledge/Qcgycyjn3c  + (Thus we can say that the only indication w … Thus we can say that the only indication we may get of the "real" structure of the environment is through the organisms and the species that have been extinguished; the viable ones that survive merely constitute a selection of solutions among an infinity of potential solutions that might be equally viable.al solutions that might be equally viable.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Ybv6wh6231  + (Thus, although we can visually distinguish … Thus, although we can visually distinguish birds, coffee cups, tables, and hands from the rest of the visual field and from one another, it seems clear that a naive organism (i.e., an organism such as an infant that does not yet have a great deal of intermodally coordinated experiences) cannot visually discriminate between a hand and his own hand.criminate between a hand and his own hand.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Why Constructivism Must be Radical/Py465bmka3  + (Thus, instead of claiming that knowledge is capable of representing a world outside of our experience, we would say, as did the pragmatists, that knowledge is a tool within the realm of experience.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Thoughts about Space, Time, and the Concept of Identity/Ic5wyhdv2n  + (Thus, there is no basis for the assumption that re-presentations arise as internal images of an outside world; instead, it seems quite plausible that they constitute the material which the cognizing subject externalizes in the construction of reality.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Knowing in Self-Regulating Organisms (A Constructivist Approach)/S1dg1cdpih  + (Thus, we need Others.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:The Radical Constructivist View of Science/W408y8cj5k  + (Thus, what we ordinarily call ‘experience’ … Thus, what we ordinarily call ‘experience’ has already been ordered and structured into discrete ‘things’ by perceptual and conceptual operations which endless repetition has rendered unconscious, and by assimilation to more complex conceptual configurations that have been formed in past experience. that have been formed in past experience.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:The Reluctance to Change a Way of Thinking/Ggfynwin3d  + (To be adapted, therefore, means no more and no less than to be viable.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:The Construction of Knowledge/Rokbai5kv3  + (To be viable, a new thought should fit into the existing scheme of conceptual structures in a way that does not cause contradictions. If there are contradictions, either the new thought or the old structures are deemed to require changing.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:The Development of Language as Purposive Behavior/Xixfrqskqo  + (To begin, we may say that there could hardly have been an evolution of speech, or language, if there had not been an origin.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Anticipation in the Constructivist Theory of Cognition/Uox21p9i32  + (To believe that the future affects the pre … To believe that the future affects the present is no doubt a superstition, but to declare that purpose and goal-directed action must be discarded because they are teleological notions is no better. It shows an abysmal ignorance of the difference between empirical and metaphysical teleology.ween empirical and metaphysical teleology.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:On the Concept of Interpretation/C2rcic5sas  + (To interpret an utterance or a written pie … To interpret an utterance or a written piece of language (be it a message or a text) requires something more than the construction of its conventional linguistic meaning. In fact, to interpret an utterance requires the insertion of whatever we consider its conventional meaning into a specific experiential context.ning into a specific experiential context.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Knowing without Metaphysics: Aspects of the Radical Constructivist Position/Oczp7q8gfi  + (To know, thus, is not to have ‘correct pictures’ but, viable procedures or, as Maturana said (1988: 53), ‘to operate adequately in an individual or cooperative situation’.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:The Radical Constructivist View of Science/U2y731stlo  + (To know, thus, is to have viable procedures or, as Maturana said “to operate adequately in an individual or cooperative situation” (1988, p.53).)
• Annotation:Annotationen:The Construction of Knowledge/Kceifrus1i  + (To me, therefore, time is not, as Prigogin … To me, therefore, time is not, as Prigogine said, an illusion. If I called the construct of time an illusion, the entire world that I know, the world that I live in, would also have to be called an illusion. And that is not the way I would characterize it. Although my entire world is a construction, I can still make a useful distinction in it between illusion and reality. But remember that for me “reality” always refers to experiential reality, not to the ontological reality of traditional philosophy. If we want to construct a rational reality for ourselves, time and space are indispensable building blocks, and I would rather call “illusion” any claim to knowledge beyond the field of our experience.wledge beyond the field of our experience.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Reflections on Cybernetics/Hwbrfwl7ct  + (To my mind, this illustrates what is perha … To my mind, this illustrates what is perhaps the most valuable feature of the cybernetical analysis of phenomena in general, and of 2nd-order Cybernetics in particular. It leads us to think in terms, not of single causes and effects, but rather of equilibria between constraints. This helps to avoid the widespread illusion that we could gather “information” concerning a reality supposed to be causing our experience; and it therefore focuses attention on managing in the experiential world we do get to know. the experiential world we do get to know.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Distinguishing the Observer: An Attempt at Interpreting Maturana/Xb6s2cnbe9  + (To observe oneself as the maker of distinctions, therefore, is no more and no less than to become conscious of oneself.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Homage to Jean Piaget (1896–1980)/Waq0mnarlo  + (To put it generally, an organism must fit, i.e. be viable within the constraints of the environment.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/E31cg4n600  + (To refer once more to the feedback model, … To refer once more to the feedback model, one might say that assimilation, insofar as it adjusts sensory signals, reduces the generation of error signals. Accommodation, on the other hand, occurs only when there is a discrepancy or disturbance for which the organism does not yet have an established remedy.m does not yet have an established remedy.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:The Development of Language as Purposive Behavior/V00v2qclrd  + (To sum up this discussion of linguistic co … To sum up this discussion of linguistic communication, I would suggest three criteria to distinguish ‘‘language’’, all of which are necessary but individually insufficient: There must be a set (lexicon) of communicatory signs, i.e., perceptual items whose meaningfulness (SEMANTICITY) is constituted by a conventional tie (semantic nexus) and not by an inferential one. These signs must be symbols, i.e., linked to representations (SYMBOLICITY) therefore they can be sent without reference to perceptual instances of the items they designate, and received without “triggering” a behavioral response in the receiver. As symbols they merely activate the connected representation. There must be a set of rules (GRAMMAR) governing the combination of signs into strings such that certain combinations produce a new semantic content in addition to the individual content of the component signs.individual content of the component signs.)
• Annotation:Learning and Adaptation in the Theory of Constructivism/Oricnp5iqa  + (Traditionelle Sichtweise in Frage stellen)

• Annotation:The Development of Language as Purposive Behavior*/Ifee5rd52v  + (Traditionelle Sichtweise widerlegen)

• Annotation:Annotationen:An Introduction to Radical Constructivism/D8ioavey6m  + (Two eggs may be considered the same becaus … Two eggs may be considered the same because of their shape, size, or color, or because they come from the same hen; but there will be a pungent difference between them if one was laid yesterday and the other six weeks ago. A fieldmouse and an elephant are different in many ways, but they will be considered the same whenever we want to distinguish mammals from other animals. Finally, all eggs, all animals, and indeed all objects that I have ever seen or imagined, are the same in that one respect that I have isolated them as bounded, unitary objects in the total field of my experience.jects in the total field of my experience.)
• Annotation:The Concepts of Adaptation and Viability in a Radical Constructivist Theory of Knowledge/Djen566l8w  + (Um zu überleben, muss ein Organismus die Einschränkungen der Umwelt "überwinden".)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Tmbubszdu4  + (Under the heading time, I said that continuity and sequence both spring from the juxtaposition of two successions of signals that are separate in the experiential field but interrelated by attention.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Of Knowing, Telling, and Showing/Hhavmsx0r7  + (Understanding language, therefore, requires continuous checking and evaluation of the re-presentations the other’s words call forth.)
• Annotation:The Development of Language as Purposive Behavior*/Cmf9hd4k3k  + (Vergleich)
• Annotation:Thoughts about Space, Time, and the Concept of Identity/Zz3dwfr4ip  + (Was jemand selbst macht, kann nie die beständige Zuverlässigkeit haben, die man der "realen Welt" zuschreiben möchte)
• Annotation:Annotationen:The Constructivist View of Communication/Lqt3uy4hk3  + (We all develop a repertoire of conceptual items and connections, and learn to fit them to the syntactic structures that have become customary among the users of a given language.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Piaget’s Legacy: Cognition as Adaptive Activity/Xzttr85swp  + (We can visualize it with the help of a metaphor: the environment “selects” in the manner of a screen used to grade gravel: the screen admits what falls through and discards what does not.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Homage to Jean Piaget (1896–1980)/E1csgrzbn1  + (We know that we can reflect, but we do not know how.)
• Annotation:Why I Consider Myself a Cybernetician/Gsj2x871db  + (Weil Entwicklungen und Aktivitäten nicht Bezug auf Ursachen aber in Bezug auf Einschränkungen erklärt werden kann, ist die Welt in der wir leben, die Welt, die wir im Rahmen unserer Einschränkungen konstruieren konnten.)
• Annotation:Thoughts about Space, Time, and the Concept of Identity/Vk67jxynp7  + (Weil der Erfahrende selbst entscheiden kann, was gleich, ähnlich oder unterschiedlich ist, sind die Beziehungen zwischen Gegenständen immer konstruiert.)
• Annotation:Why I Consider Myself a Cybernetician/Bnpyx2ifym  + (Weil die Bedeutung eines neuen Wortes nicht einfach erklärt werden kann, muss jeder Sprechende die Bedeutungen von Wörtern selbst aufbauen, womit sie immer subjektiv sind.)
• Annotation:An Introduction to Radical Constructivism/Dwq1ozjsin  + (Weil die Erlebniswelt genauso wie die Umwelt dem Organismen Grenzen setzt, werden im Lichte der Erfahrung Regelmäßigkeiten, Faustregeln und Theorien entweder als zuverlässig oder nicht zuverlässig eingestuft.)
• Annotation:Why I Consider Myself a Cybernetician/Zs0t2lesdo  + (Weil ein Organismus sich anpasst, um die durch seine Umgebung gesetzten Einschränkungen zu überwinden, passt sich auch Wissen an, um das Gleichgewicht des Organismus zu erhalten. Wissen kann somit kein Abbild einer absoluten Realität sein.)
• Annotation:Why I Consider Myself a Cybernetician/Wffaf3ggpv  + (Weil jede Sprache und jedes Wort in dieser Sprache eine unterschiedliche Realität darstellt, unterscheiden sich sprachliche Konzepte von Person zu Person.)
• Annotation:Why I Consider Myself a Cybernetician/Bo99gzkh67  + (Weil jeder Mensch auf unterschiedliche Erfahrungen zurückgreift und Dinge je nach Erfahrungsstand unterschiedlich wahrgenommen werden, können Bedeutungen von Wörtern nie auf die selbe Art und Weise erfasst werden.)
• Annotation:Why I Consider Myself a Cybernetician/F4ip0vpz5z  + (Weil wir durch Anpassung und den Kontext Diskrepanzen im Verstehen vermeiden können, bedeutet Kompatibilität nicht Identität, sondern Durchführbarkeit unter den gegebenen Umständen.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Die Radikal-Konstruktivistische Wissenstheorie/Ikwep5m4go  + (Wenn der ‘intelligente’ Organismus nicht a … Wenn der ‘intelligente’ Organismus nicht auf Stimuli der Umwelt, sondern lediglich auf Unterschiede zwischen Wahrnehmungen und vorbestimmten Sollwerten reagiert, um sein internes Gleichgewicht zu erhalten, dann gewinnt der Organismus kein objektives Wissen von der Außenwelt. Er kann bestenfalls lernen, sein Gleichgewicht angesichts der Perturbationen, die er wahrnimmt, einigermaßen aufrecht zu erhalten.rnimmt, einigermaßen aufrecht zu erhalten.)
• Annotation:The Development of Language as Purposive Behavior*/Llays52mfn  + (Wenn ein Individuum durch seine Handlung nicht nur seine eigene Störung sondern auch die Störung anderer Individuen reduziert, führt dies zwangsläufig zur Bildung von Gruppen)
• Annotation:Aspects of Constructivism/Cvdz9a8uhd  + (Wenn wir das Lernen Studierender anregen wollen, dürfen wir nicht vergessen, dass Wissen außerhalb des Verstandes nicht existiert.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Thoughts about Space, Time, and the Concept of Identity/Hnm7nbi88j  + (What one makes oneself can hardly be expected to have that perennial reliability one would like to attribute to the real world.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:How Do We Mean A Constructivist Sketch of Semantics/Z6pnfx3p0k  + (What speakers of a language have construct … What speakers of a language have constructed as the meanings of the words they use, is at best compatible in the linguistic interactions with other speakers; but such compatibility remains forever relative to the limited number of actual interactions the individual has had in his or her past. What speakers have learned to mean always remains their own construction.ean always remains their own construction.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:The Reluctance to Change a Way of Thinking/Ef3tssha25  + (What we call “knowledge”, then, is the map of paths of action and thought which, at that moment in the course of our experience, have turned out to be viable for us.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:How Do We Mean A Constructivist Sketch of Semantics/Olvapcssex  + (Whatever one assumes to be genetically determined in children, it is they themselves who must actively isolate units in their experiential field and abstract them into concepts.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/B4xmtlx8ai  + (When I visually distinguish a hand from th … When I visually distinguish a hand from the writing pad and the table on which it lies, I carry out exactly the same kinds of operations as when I distinguish the coffee cup from the table on which it stands, or the picture from the wall on which it hangs, or the cardinal outside my window from the branch on which it happens to be perched and from the rest of the landscape.erched and from the rest of the landscape.)