Annotation:Annotationen:Adaptation and Viability

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Annotation	AnnotationComment	LastModificationUser	LastModificationDate	Category
Annotationen:Adaptation and Viability/Ax7ozflvhm	In order to survive a particular situation or change in the environment, an organism must have the required characteristics before the situation or change in the environment occurs that makes these characteristics necessary. In other words, surviving organisms are adapted before the event and it would make no sense whatever to say that they did or could change because of the event. There simply is no causal connection between the selecting event or environmental pressure and the properties the surviving organisms have acquired at a prior time through mutation or some other accident.	Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 11:04:52	TextAnnotation Schlussfolgerung3
Annotationen:Adaptation and Viability/Dkvqwd8cv5	From an evolutionary point of view, it would be far more consistent to say that, like mutations, novel behaviors may arise for no biological reason at all and may be perpetuated from generation to generation, provided they do not diminish the organisms’ biological viability below a critical point.	Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 11:14:44	TextAnnotation Schlussfolgerung3
Annotationen:Adaptation and Viability/Gu6abzpjqn	Let me cite one example that is particularly well-documented and well-known: the Japanese macaque Imo on Koshima Islet that started washing her sweet potatoes (Kawai, 1965). Within 10 years the entire population, with the exception of a few old males who were too conservative, practiced potato washing. There was no time for a mutation or some other genetic accident to increase or decrease anyone’s viability. Nor, indeed, is there any evidence that potato washing has increased anyone’s genetic fitness. But as the new activity quickly created exceptional familiarity with water, it led to yet another novel behavior: swimming. Since all this has taken place in a country where earthquakes and tectonic disasters are not at all impossible, it might be tempting to conjecture that if Koshima Islet should one day sink into the sea, the swimming skill might yet become the crucial feature that allows these macaques to reach a safe shore while the macaques in other sinking regions perish. Subsequent generations of sociobiologists could then use the swimming macaques as a textbook example for “evolutionary explanation.” But such a scenario in which swimming might become an important asset toward the survival of macaques or macaque genes has not yet happened. Yet the washing of food and swimming have become part of the behavioral repertoire of a macaque population without the benefit of an evolutionary explanation.	Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 11:16:41	TextAnnotation Beispiel3
Annotationen:Adaptation and Viability/Jvfpzhm9vy		Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 11:13:54	TextAnnotation Prämisse3
Annotationen:Adaptation and Viability/Kgfby5twlm		Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 11:16:51	TextAnnotation Prämisse3
Annotationen:Adaptation and Viability/Khbllgt3t8		Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 11:12:57	TextAnnotation Prämisse3
Annotationen:Adaptation and Viability/Obrmbqyrkf	If something has been found to work, it is likely to work again.	Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 11:12:47	TextAnnotation Schlussfolgerung3
Annotationen:Adaptation and Viability/Pqhlw7iuii	Hence one may also introduce the concept of reinforcement which, in phylogeny, would remain vacuous, since the only thing that could count as reinforcement on that level (i.e., survival) is not contingent upon the organism’s modification of its behavior but upon its past and therefore immutable history of genetic variation.	Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 11:11:29	TextAnnotation Schlussfolgerung3
Annotationen:Adaptation and Viability/Szworve5xb		Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 11:11:05	TextAnnotation Prämisse3
Annotationen:Adaptation and Viability/Umq8ebiubf	In other words, the basic operational elements were there, but their coordination into complex operational systems cannot be ascribed to natural selection, since it is demonstrably the result of learning in a very peculiar and highly sophisticated environment.	Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 11:13:24	TextAnnotation Schlussfolgerung3
Annotationen:Adaptation and Viability/Waj7oz7sov		Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 11:05:38	TextAnnotation Prämisse3
Annotationen:Adaptation and Viability/Wz1cnlo3b4		Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 11:17:02	TextAnnotation Prämisse3