Annotation:Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self

This Page shows all Annotations of the Article Annotationen:Cybernetics,_Experience,_and_the_Concept_of_Self.

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Annotation	AnnotationComment	LastModificationUser	LastModificationDate	Category
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/A8lufo6hwa		Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 17:31:11	TextAnnotation Prämisse3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/B4xmtlx8ai	When I visually distinguish a hand from the writing pad and the table on which it lies, I carry out exactly the same kinds of operations as when I distinguish the coffee cup from the table on which it stands, or the picture from the wall on which it hangs, or the cardinal outside my window from the branch on which it happens to be perched and from the rest of the landscape.	Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 18:58:40	TextAnnotation Beispiel3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Bo421c5wz9		Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 17:35:49	TextAnnotation Prämisse3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Cczcstcm68		Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 18:58:10	TextAnnotation Prämisse3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/D0j0gt3d6j		Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 17:22:58	TextAnnotation Prämisse3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Dd1wdooq3z	In other words, if there are several kinds of disturbance and, consequently, several kinds of error signals, the system has to discover which of the activities in its behavioral repertoire is most likely to correct a particular error signal. On the simplest level this can be achieved only through inductive inference.	Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 17:11:06	TextAnnotation Schlussfolgerung3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Ddnyagkamn	It allows us to proceed much as a bricklayer, who can devote all his energy and attention to the creation of a wall or an arch, without ever stopping to ask where the bricks he is using came from or how they were made. And just as the characteristics of the bricks (e.g., shape and size) make it impossible for the bricklayer to build certain structures, so the ready-made conceptual building blocks impose constraints on any future construction.	Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 18:17:06	TextAnnotation Schlussfolgerung3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/E31cg4n600	To refer once more to the feedback model, one might say that assimilation, insofar as it adjusts sensory signals, reduces the generation of error signals. Accommodation, on the other hand, occurs only when there is a discrepancy or disturbance for which the organism does not yet have an established remedy.	Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 17:36:09	TextAnnotation Schlussfolgerung3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Eaw8nug54n		Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 19:04:33	TextAnnotation Prämisse3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Egekgp55vu	There seems to be no way around the assumption that, as far as the organism is concerned, an “object” must be a construct, actively abstracted from a number of experiences by holding on to a somewhat flexible constellation of characteristics and allowing each of them to vary within a certain range.	Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 17:31:49	TextAnnotation Schlussfolgerung3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Ek33dv7qzk	Hence this use of an invariant scheme is by no means a manifestation of the concept of object permanence, because its invariance arises from and consists in the repetition of an activity and does not yet involve the invariance of an independent object.	Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 17:37:19	TextAnnotation Schlussfolgerung3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Eqgunictjl		Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 19:03:47	TextAnnotation Prämisse3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/F8plub7cte		Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 17:34:16	TextAnnotation Prämisse3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Fb6tslteaz	Now, if the invariant can be used on the representational level, without an activity, it becomes like a program or a subroutine that is invariant in that it is stored somewhere in a memory from which it can be retrieved. It is this change of status that gives rise to the concepts of permanence and of identity, a further step in the construction of permanent objects.	Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 17:38:12	TextAnnotation Schlussfolgerung3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/G8314lh3pp		Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 17:37:01	TextAnnotation Prämisse3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Gs82cvn8ty	For many five-year-olds, for instance, the sun today and the sun yesterday are not yet one and the same individual (Piaget, 1971, p. 87).	Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 18:36:11	TextAnnotation Beispiel3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Gtgp6gcjgz		Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 19:05:32	TextAnnotation Prämisse3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Gv92fgoj8x	Suppose a very young child applies the word dog to every four-legged creature he sees. He may have abstracted a limited set of attributes and created a large category, but his abstraction will now show up in his vocabulary. Parents will not provide him with a conventional name for his category, e.g., quadruped, but instead will require him to narrow his use of dog to its proper range... The child who spontaneously hits on the category four-legged animals will be required to give it up in favor of dogs, cats, horses, cows, and the like ... The schoolboy who learns the word quadruped has abstracted from differentiated and named subor- dinates. The child he was abstracted through a failure to differentiate. Abstraction after differentiation may be the mature process, and abstraction from a failure to differentiate the primitive.	Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 17:34:06	TextAnnotation Beispiel3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/H3e51o6egn	Here I shall confine myself to pointing out that the kind of knowledge our simple organism acquires by installing connections between error signals and activities is, indeed, a form of construction, and since it deals exclusively with the proximal data of the organism’s own subjective experience, one would be justified in calling it wholly subjective.	Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 17:27:46	TextAnnotation Schlussfolgerung3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/H9ojjvlqal	In other words, we can come to know only what we consider to be in some sense separate from our knowing selves. By questioning something, by the very act of asking what it is, we have already set our self, the questioner, apart.	Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 19:04:16	TextAnnotation Schlussfolgerung3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Hk69rq47nz		Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 18:42:16	TextAnnotation Schlussfolgerung3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Hl1my5l736		Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 18:28:38	TextAnnotation Schlussfolgerung3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Hq4m25toh1	This central item, the experiencer himself, remains mysterious.	Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 19:03:38	TextAnnotation Schlussfolgerung3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/I27jtuivlz	Hence, mention of “steps” in subsequent paragraphs does not imply a chronological but a logical sequence. There are certain steps that are logically indispensable prerequisites for others. But the logic is our logic, an observer’s logic, and as such it applies to a model the observer is building.	Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 17:31:02	TextAnnotation Schlussfolgerung3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/I4hz7ma47u		Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 17:27:58	TextAnnotation Prämisse3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Idrp87ovae		Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 17:32:50	TextAnnotation Prämisse3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/J9jqbrdr4b	Hence we may safely assume that attention can also shift between items when some or all of them are representational.	Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 18:19:16	TextAnnotation Schlussfolgerung3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Jcoy3u2rzx		Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 17:17:45	TextAnnotation Prämisse3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Jfxfuijhx1	For example, the visual experience that we consider an instance of a specific object is different every time. The object’s shape changes according to the angle, and its size according to the distance from which it is seen. Its color changes according to the illumination, and other parameters are no less variable according to changes in the context. What, then, constitutes the invariant object which the organism recognizes?	Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 17:32:40	TextAnnotation Beispiel3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Js950dj36j	The second development made possible by the introduction of the representational use of invariants is that they can now be used as building blocks for conceptual constructions that move further and further away from the raw material of sensory or motor signals. This shift constitutes one of the salient characteristics of all the “higher,” more sophisticated mental operations and it has consequences for epistemology far beyond the scope of this chapter.	Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 18:15:20	TextAnnotation Beispiel3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Jv9v5wdu9q	The rep- resentation, therefore, will have to be no more and no less than a hypothetical model of functions, entities, and events that could “explain” regularities in the organism’s experience. And as a cyberneticist would expect, there is no way to match the model against the “real” structure of the black box.	Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 17:29:33	TextAnnotation Schlussfolgerung3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Kftaxg4kd3		Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 18:58:56	TextAnnotation Prämisse3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Luok9sj7zd		Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 17:35:28	TextAnnotation Prämisse3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/M4xqecwszm		Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 18:37:35	TextAnnotation Prämisse3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Mr0ewqq6yn	When an infant, for instance, assimilates some visual elements to the invariant pattern that, for him, constitutes a rattle, and grasps and shakes a piece of wood that happens to be within reach, then the absence of the auditory element expected to ensue may cause a discrepancy that cannot be eliminated by assimilation. In that case, attention is likely to be focused on any of the formerly disregarded visual or tactual elements by means of which the piece of wood could be discriminated from the rattle. Once the discrimination has occurred, the new elements, with or without some of the old ones, can be associated in an act of accommodation to form a novel scheme. This novel scheme, from then on, will serve as a relatively independent invariant for the assimilation of future experiences.	Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 17:36:47	TextAnnotation Beispiel3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/N2vhtsw614		Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 17:36:55	TextAnnotation Prämisse3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/N54woncfr6		Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 18:26:56	TextAnnotation Prämisse3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/N6xhovc3l5		Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 18:18:57	TextAnnotation Prämisse3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Nb7irjzmf6		Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 18:37:44	TextAnnotation Prämisse3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Nrxlcbrcl4	The indispensable limitation of this hypothesizing is that the organism can operate only with its own proximal data, i.e., with signals that can be supposed to originate within it rather than with “information” originating in what from the observer’s point of view is the organism’s environment. I would also like to emphasize that this analysis is provisional and lays no claim to being definitive, let alone exhaustive.	Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 18:59:49	TextAnnotation Schlussfolgerung3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Nsr28z6iul	The child who stands in front of a looking glass, sticks out his tongue, and contorts his face into all sorts of grimaces gets a constant confirmation of this causal link. The mirror image is as obedient as his own limbs and can, thus, be integrated with the body percept, expanding it by providing visual access to otherwise invisible aspects. And like the body image, it is a visual percept, an item that is experienced not the item that does the experiencing.	Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 19:03:22	TextAnnotation Beispiel3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Pa5p9mi0kr	A well-fed brother whom one has not seen for 20 years may be bald and scrawny when he returns; he may have a different accent, his likes and dislikes may have changed, and what he now says about politics, art, and women may be incompatible with what one remembers of him. Yet one could still accept him as the self-same individual.	Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 18:35:43	TextAnnotation Beispiel3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Pngbtm20at	The simplest learning system, thus, will have a repertoire of several different activities and at least one sense organ and one comparator that generates an error signal whenever the sensory signals do not match the reference value. What it has to learn (i.e., what is not determined by fixed wiring), is to make the error signal trigger the particular activity that is likely to reduce it.	Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 17:22:51	TextAnnotation Schlussfolgerung3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Prpv43m9ru	In Piagetian terms, this active imposition of invariance on instances of experience that are always different in some way is the ubiquitous process of assimilation.	Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 17:33:12	TextAnnotation Schlussfolgerung3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Q7z9bq9la5		Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 17:26:57	TextAnnotation Schlussfolgerung3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Qfbe3e0uxs		Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 17:29:41	TextAnnotation Prämisse3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Qkjg5qx4jt		Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 18:40:05	TextAnnotation Schlussfolgerung3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Qkuy36snah		Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 18:41:53	TextAnnotation Prämisse3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Qoqvd6ufhn		Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 17:26:20	TextAnnotation Prämisse3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Rejukma2yn	Take a finger of your right hand and run it along your left forearm: the tactual signals originating in your finger will be a homogeneous “continuous” succession because the receptors from which they come remain the same; the tactual signals originating in your left arm, instead, will constitute a sequence of different signals because they come from different receptors. If you consider this second set of signals as a sequence of different locations with which your finger establishes and terminates contact, you will conceive of your finger as moving. If you consider them equivalent units linked into sequence by the continuous signals from your finger, you will conceive of them as points or “moments” in time. In this second case, the finger of your right hand supplies what is perhaps the closest sensory-motor analogy to the continuity of the experiencing subject that we call our ““self.”	Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 19:01:32	TextAnnotation Beispiel3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Rsbwwqzmpz	Hence, from the organism’s point of view, to assimilate means to modify a present experience so that it fits a hereditary or acquired scheme, i.e., a perceptual or motor pattern that already has, in some sense, the character of an invariant. In other words, invariants create repetition as much as repetition creates invariants.	Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 17:35:07	TextAnnotation Schlussfolgerung3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/S9bexy1jtv	Both the concept of the object as prototype, with regard to which experiences may be considered equivalent, and the concept of object permanence, as a result of which two or more experiences may be considered to derive from one identical individual, involve a form of invariance. But the invariance is certainly not the same in both cases.	Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 18:18:21	TextAnnotation Schlussfolgerung3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Spl40hlv6t	One can say that such an organism will learn only as a result of disturbance, and it will give up or modify something it has learned only when this again leads to disturbance. This mode of functioning, as we shall see later, fits very well into the Piagetian conception of the complementary processes of assimilation and accommodation.	Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 17:26:10	TextAnnotation Prämisse3 Schlussfolgerung3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Sv3mu5xl1a		Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 17:37:51	TextAnnotation Prämisse3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Svbhynyq3t		Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 19:00:20	TextAnnotation Prämisse3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/T757fqdkei		Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 19:01:40	TextAnnotation Prämisse3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Tmbubszdu4	Under the heading time, I said that continuity and sequence both spring from the juxtaposition of two successions of signals that are separate in the experiential field but interrelated by attention.	Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 19:00:38	TextAnnotation Schlussfolgerung3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Xvfuxu38oa		Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 18:24:51	TextAnnotation Prämisse3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Y0bgpxu0ur		Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 17:38:30	TextAnnotation Prämisse3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Y9pfk6yah9	The invariant the system achieves can, therefore, never be found or frozen in a single element because, by its very nature, it consists in one or more relationships—and relationships are not in things but between them.	Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 19:05:06	TextAnnotation Schlussfolgerung3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Ybv6wh6231	Thus, although we can visually distinguish birds, coffee cups, tables, and hands from the rest of the visual field and from one another, it seems clear that a naive organism (i.e., an organism such as an infant that does not yet have a great deal of intermodally coordinated experiences) cannot visually discriminate between a hand and his own hand.	Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 18:59:12	TextAnnotation Schlussfolgerung3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Yh7q4e6aku		Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 18:26:37	TextAnnotation Schlussfolgerung3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Z6frtf6lsg		Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 18:17:18	TextAnnotation Prämisse3
Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Zhzsuoopo7		Sarah Oberbichler	23 July 2019 17:27:15	TextAnnotation Prämisse3