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• Annotation:Annotationen:The Development of Language as Purposive Behavior/Zjiavvwbig  + (An activity, thus, will be called “purposive” if it serves to reduce or eliminate the discrepancy (negative feedback) between the value of a sensory signal and the reference value in such a “teleological” unit.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Abstraction, Re-Presentation, and Reflection: An Interpretation of Experience and of Piaget’s Approach/Bsgnvh5vo1  + (An example may help to clarify what I am t … An example may help to clarify what I am trying to say. If, in someone’s account of a European journey, you read or hear the name “Paris”, you may register it as a pointer to a variety of experiential “referents” with which you hapen to have associated it—e.g., a particular point on the map of Europe, your first glimpse of the Eiffel Tower, the Mona Lisa in the Louvre— but if the account of the journey immediately moves to London, you would be unlikely to implement fully any one of them as an actual re-presentation. At any subsequent moment, however, if the context or the conversation required it, you could return to the mention of “Paris” and develop one of the associated re-presentations.op one of the associated re-presentations.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Teleology and the Concepts of Causation/Tx7yla5vz9  + (An organism’s actions, thus, are selected and shaped according to what worked in the past.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:The Control of Perception and the Construction of Reality: Epistemological Aspects of the Feedback-Control System/S72d8v4u89  + (And, if we apply the model to ourselves as organisms, we too cannot have access to our own environment because our experience, whatever it may be, lies on this side of the dashed line and can be composed only of the signals within our neural network.)
• Annotation:Learning and Adaptation in the Theory of Constructivism/T81wyde6l7  + (Anpassung kann nur zufälligen Variationen zugeschrieben werden.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:The Concepts of Adaptation and Viability in a Radical Constructivist Theory of Knowledge/Mv3evgsza0  + (Any construction, be it physical or mental, is subject to certain constraints that spring from the material that the constructor employs.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:On the Concept of Interpretation/Iw7yv8nvtb  + (Any prediction based on the interpretation of an experiential item that is taken as a sign pointing to a not yet experienced item, will be judged according to whether it is or is not confirmed by actual subsequent experience.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Abstraction, Re-Presentation, and Reflection: An Interpretation of Experience and of Piaget’s Approach/Camouqfaz8  + (Any re-presentation, be it of an experient … Any re-presentation, be it of an experiential “thing” or of a program of actions or operations, requires some sensory material for its execution. That basic condition, I believe, is what confirmed Berkeley in his argument against the “existence” of abstracted general ideas, for it is indeed the case that every time we re-present to ourselves such a general idea, it turns into a particular one because its implementation requires the kind of material from which it was abstracted. This last condition could be reformulated by saying that there has to be some isomorphism between the present construct and what it is intended to reconstruct. Clearly, this isomorphism does not concern a “thing-in-itself” but precisely those aspects one wants to or happens to focus on.pects one wants to or happens to focus on.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Anticipation in the Constructivist Theory of Cognition/Sdo9pndh63  + (Anyway, the more sophisticated view of the … Anyway, the more sophisticated view of the reflex enabled Piaget to take the tripartite pattern of perceived situation, action, and result as the basis for what he called ‘Action Scheme’. It provided a powerful model for a form of practical learning on the sensorimotor level that was the same, in principle, for animals and humans. Studies of animal behavior had shown that even the most primitive organisms tend to move towards situations that in the past provided agreeable experiences rather than towards those that proved unpleasant or painful.s those that proved unpleasant or painful.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:The Radical Constructivist View of Science/Cwsb2v1uyv  + (As Heinz von Foerster put it in conversation, ‘objectivity is the delusion that observations could be made without an observer’)
• Annotation:Annotationen:The Constructivist View of Communication/Pea2tu7jgh  + (As Tomasello and a few before him noticed, … As Tomasello and a few before him noticed, Children do not produce their utterances with the help of grammatical rules. Even adults rarely rely on abstract syntactic rules to guide their speech. They know how they have segmented their experience and the praxis of living has shown them useful ways of linking the segments. them useful ways of linking the segments.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Teleology and the Concepts of Causation/Yx4taszm3u  + (As they quickly discovered, one and the same thing might be reinforcing under certain circumstances (e.g. meat pellets, when the rat was hungry) and not reinforcing under others (e.g. when the rat was well fed).)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Knowing without Metaphysics: Aspects of the Radical Constructivist Position/Tujb4l2u48  + (Assume you have made an appointment with a … Assume you have made an appointment with a friend to meet in a certain place on a certain day. When the day comes, a lot of snow has fallen during the preceding night. There is a shorter and a longer way to drive to the arranged place. You know that the longer way is the quicker when there is snow on the roads. You know this from your own experience in your subjective physical environment. But now you use it in your social environment by predicting that your friend will come by that route. If your prediction turns out to be correct and, especially, if your friend confirms that he chose the longer way for the reason that you had in mind, your reasoning will be greatly reinforced and the elements that were involved in it will seem more like an objective reality that is independent of both of you.eality that is independent of both of you.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Aspects of Constructivism/Km2wat9pdg  + (At best one may observe that in a given number of situations their constructs seem to function in the same way, i.e. they seem compatible.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:On the Concept of Interpretation/U2h79k3m8t  + (At the beginning of the 18th century, Giambattista Vico formulated a constructivist epistemology by saying that humans can know only what humans can construct.)
• Annotation:The Construction of Knowledge/Zwwyca5nep  + (Auch wenn wir glauben, dass wir etwas von der Außenwelt wissen können, können wir nie sagen, ob dieses Wissen wahr ist.)
• Annotation:Thoughts about Space, Time, and the Concept of Identity/Bogl6snbzr  + (Beziehungen zwischen Gegenständen werden nicht wahrgenommen, sondern sind fiktiv)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/S9bexy1jtv  + (Both the concept of the object as prototyp … Both the concept of the object as prototype, with regard to which experiences may be considered equivalent, and the concept of object permanence, as a result of which two or more experiences may be considered to derive from one identical individual, involve a form of invariance. But the invariance is certainly not the same in both cases.e is certainly not the same in both cases.)
• Annotation:Aspects of Constructivism/W1ybzi4tmb  + (Bruch)

• Annotation:Annotationen:Knowledge as Environmental Fit/Hi9cganhtq  + (But success is relative.)

• Annotation:Annotationen:Abstraction, Re-Presentation, and Reflection: An Interpretation of Experience and of Piaget’s Approach/D3z4577hkq  + (By this I mean that, as particular users o … By this I mean that, as particular users of the word become more proficient, they no longer need to actually produce the associated conceptual structures as a completely implemented re-presentation, but can simply register the occurrence of the word as a kind of “pointer” to be followed if needed at a later moment. I see this as analogous to the capability of recognizing objects on the basis of a partial perceptual construction. In the context of symbolic activities, this capability is both subtle and important.s capability is both subtle and important.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:The Construction of Knowledge/Yuucuatq22  + (Communication, therefore, works when two people send each other a telegram and they have previously established a code outside that communication system.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Why I Consider Myself a Cybernetician/Z949z5u0ur  + (Compatibility does not imply identity, it … Compatibility does not imply identity, it merely implies viability in the given circumstances. That is why, after having used a word in a particular way for fifty or more years, we may discover that it is not quite the way others are using it – it is just that the circumstances in which we have so far used the word happened to be such that they did not bring out any differences.at they did not bring out any differences.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:On the Concept of Interpretation/Wf0rr6vccx  + (Compatibility is a matter of avoiding clash, passing between obstacles, fitting into space that is not encumbered by the conditions that have to be complied with.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Piaget’s Legacy: Cognition as Adaptive Activity/W6kg6avstq  + (Compatibility, to repeat it once more, means no more and no less than to fit within constraints. Consequently, it seems to me that one of the most demanding tasks of A.I. would be the plausible simulation of an organism’s experience of social constraints)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Knowing without Metaphysics: Aspects of the Radical Constructivist Position/Tgr4tpc6ol  + (Concepts, therefore, have no iconic or rep … Concepts, therefore, have no iconic or representational connection with anything that might ‘exist’ outside the cognizing system; and the raw material out of which concepts are composed or coordinated cannot be known to have any such connection either. To call the basic elements of our cognitive conceptual constructions ‘distinctions’ is, I think, the least misleading way of speaking about them. From the distinguisher’s point of view, what is actually distinguished depends not on what might be there before the activity of distinguishing is carried out, but on what the organism is able to distinguish and chooses to distinguish in the given experiential context.inguish in the given experiential context.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Teleology and the Concepts of Causation/Bfxz6nkolt  + (Consequently there is no past experience o … Consequently there is no past experience of steps that led towards it or actions that brought it about. There are no abstracted cause-effect relations that one could try to implement to reach an unfathomable end. In short, even for those who believe that knowledge does not pertain to anything beyond the realm of experience, a cause that lies outside has no explanatory power.hat lies outside has no explanatory power.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Knowing in Self-Regulating Organisms (A Constructivist Approach)/Yd8rs5pexe  + (Constructivism, thus, does not deny the “existence” of Others, it merely holds that insofar as we know these Others, they are models that we ourselves construct.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Die Radikal-Konstruktivistische Wissenstheorie/Lq40agjfqj  + (Das, worauf es ankommt, ist, wie der Organ … Das, worauf es ankommt, ist, wie der Organismus die gegebene Situation wahrnimmt. Solange sie mit dem Erkennungsmuster vereinbar ist, das der Organismus ererbt oder sich gebildet hat, löst sie die assoziierte Handlung aus. Das ist die ontogenetisch erste Manifestation dessen, was Piaget 'Assimilation' genannt hat.en, was Piaget 'Assimilation' genannt hat.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Teleology and the Concepts of Causation/Bxxwxcth41  + (Definitions set conditions which the abstract form we call concept must satisfy, and it is the same conditions that some experiential material must fit in order to be accepted as a proper instantiation of the concept.)
• Annotation:Thoughts about Space, Time, and the Concept of Identity/Urmq9l2ytx  + (Der Besitz bestimmter Erinnerungen wird als unbestreitbarer Beweis für die individuelle Kontinuität akzeptiert)
• Annotation:Learning and Adaptation in the Theory of Constructivism/Mdjnotgc21  + (Der Drang zu Wissen ist auch Drang zur Anpassung. Dadurch sind Lernen und Anpassung komplementäre Phänomene)
• Annotation:An Introduction to Radical Constructivism/Oo2fdu92ea  + (Der Erfolg eines Schlüssels hängt nicht davon ab, ob ein Schloss gefunden wird, in das er passt, sonndern nur davon, ob er den Weg zu einem bestimmten Ziel öffnet.)
• Annotation:The Development of Language as Purposive Behavior*/Tub5hl72p0  + (Der Gebrauch von Sprache muss konventionell sein)
• Annotation:Thoughts about Space, Time, and the Concept of Identity/Aguk4a8hs0  + (Der Raum ist das Medium, in dem Dinge ihren Ort bewahren bzw. verändern, die Zeit ist das Medium, in dem sie ihre Identität bewahren, damit sie nicht auf momentane Erscheinungen reduziert werden)
• Annotation:Why I Consider Myself a Cybernetician/Dgao0n4rkl  + (Der Umstand, dass zwei Personen zwar die gleiche sprechen, sich aber trotzdem missverstehen können, zeigt, dass die Bedeutung von Wörtern und Sätzen durch Erfahrung gebildet wird.)
• Annotation:An Introduction to Radical Constructivism/Syb25gtvgg  + (Der einzige Aspekt der "realen" Welt, der tatsächlich in den Bereich der Erfahrung eintritt, sind die Einschränkungen dieser Welt.)
• Annotation:The Concepts of Adaptation and Viability in a Radical Constructivist Theory of Knowledge/Vpw40ehrp3  + (Der einzige Hinweis auf die "reale" Struktur der Umwelt können wir durch Organismen erhalten, die nicht überleben. Die Überlebenden stellen lediglich eine Auswahl an undendlichen Lösungen dar, die ebenfalls lebensfähig sein könnten.)
• Annotation:Aspects of Constructivism/Owq62fws8h  + (Die Analyse von Bedeutungen führt immer zu … Die Analyse von Bedeutungen führt immer zu individuellen Erfahrungen und dem sozialen Prozess, die Verbindung zwischen Wörtern und dieser Erfahrung so lange berücksichtigen, bis das Individuum sie für kompatibel in der Verwendung, der sprachlichen und verhaltensbezogenen Reaktionen anderer hält.rhaltensbezogenen Reaktionen anderer hält.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Die Radikal-Konstruktivistische Wissenstheorie/R4gyf3fihk  + (Die Antwort liegt nicht in den wahrgenomme … Die Antwort liegt nicht in den wahrgenommenen Dingen, sondern im Bereich der Operationen, die der Wahmehmende ausführt. Um eine Mehrheit zu konstruieren, muß man merken, daß man ein und dieselbe Erkennungsprozedur, die einem den Gegenstand „Tasse“ liefert, mindestens zweimal ausgeführt hat. Die Pluralform des Wortes bedingt diese Wiederholung, denn sie bezieht sich nicht auf Elemente der sinnlichen Wahrnehmung, sondern auf die Art und Weise, wie man Wahrgenommenes verbindet.d Weise, wie man Wahrgenommenes verbindet.)
• Annotation:The Concepts of Adaptation and Viability in a Radical Constructivist Theory of Knowledge/Nn6rkzzyi4  + (Die Beziehung zwischen unserem Wissen und der "Realität" ähnelt jener zwischen Organismus und Umwelt: Konstruierte Ideen, Hypothesen und Modelle überleben, solange unsere Erfahrung erfolgreich hineinpasst.)
• Annotation:Thoughts about Space, Time, and the Concept of Identity/Gxrcumg3bn  + (Die Fiktion der individuellen Identität ist das Schlüsselelement in der konzeptionellen Konstruktion der Grundbegriffe von Raum und Zeit)
• Annotation:Learning and Adaptation in the Theory of Constructivism/Bmh2iooe4p  + (Die Funktion von Intelligenz ist nicht jene, Lebewesen mit einer "wahren" Repräsentation einer objektiven Umwelt auszustatten, sondern mit intelligenten Tools, die eine Anpassung an die Welt ermöglichen, wie sie erfahren wird.)
• Annotation:An Introduction to Radical Constructivism/Cbpbl0so14  + (Die Produkte bewusster kognitiver Aktivität haben immer einen Zweck und werden danach bewertet, wie gut sie diesen Zweck erfüllen)
• Annotation:An Introduction to Radical Constructivism/Xrm4s8l4d2  + (Die Umwelt kann bestenfalls für das Aussterben verantwortlich gemacht werden, aber nie für das Überleben)