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• Annotation:An Introduction to Radical Constructivism/Pughfc3e56  + (Es gibt keinen Zusammenhang zwischen den "objektiven" Welt und der Überlebensfähigkeit biologischer Strukturen und Verhaltensweisen.)
• Annotation:Aspects of Constructivism/Pwxs1yayw8  + (Es ist eine Sache zu behaupten, dass der eigenen Erfahrung nach die Bedeutung, die andere einem Wort zuschreiben, mit der eigenen kompatibel zu sein scheint, aber eine andere, anzunehmen, dass die Bedeutungen gleich sind.)
• Annotation:The Development of Language as Purposive Behavior*/Hhd7qwplez  + (Es kann keine Entwicklung der Sprache geben, wenn es keinen Ursprung gegeben hat. Keine Evolution ohne Ursprung)
• Annotation:The Construction of Knowledge/M481z8uurk  + (Es muss einen Ort außerhalb des eigenen Erfahrungsbereichs geben, in dem Dinge sein können, wenn sie nicht erlebt werden.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Anticipation in the Constructivist Theory of Cognition/S6xchbgg1w  + (Even in Aristotle’s day, bright people had … Even in Aristotle’s day, bright people had noticed that those who regularly took some physical exercise such as walking, had a better chance of staying healthy. They had observed this often enough to consider it a reliable rule. Given that they had Olympic games and were interested in the performances of athletes, they probably also had some plausible theory of why exercise made one feel better. Consequently, they were confident in believing that going for walks was an efficient cause that had the effect of maintaining and even improving your health. People who felt that their physical fitness was deteriorating could, therefore, reasonably decide to use walking as a tool to bring about a beneficial change in their condition.ut a beneficial change in their condition.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Learning and Adaptation in the Theory of Constructivism/Hc3ugdvv23  + (Eventually this perspective led him to the … Eventually this perspective led him to the conclusion that the function of intelligence was not, as traditional epistemology held, to provide cognitive organisms with ‘true’ representations of an objective environment. Rather, he began to see cognition as generator of intelligent tools that enable organisms to construct a relative fit with the world as they experience it. fit with the world as they experience it.)
• Annotation:The Concepts of Adaptation and Viability in a Radical Constructivist Theory of Knowledge/Fgoozdwske  + (Fehler aufzeigen)
• Annotation:The Concepts of Adaptation and Viability in a Radical Constructivist Theory of Knowledge/Iyspt8m5tx  + (Fehler aufzeigen)
• Annotation:Annotationen:The Reluctance to Change a Way of Thinking/Mkwgldjnzq  + (Finally, it must be made clear that, while … Finally, it must be made clear that, while biologists may tend to think of viability and adaptedness in terms of differential reproduction, in the cognitive domain the two terms refer to the achievement and maintenance of internal equilibrium. For the constructivist, therefore, Knowledge has the function of eliminating perturbations; and the higher we move in the hierarchy of conceptual abstractions, the more the perturbations tend to be conceptual rather than material. This, obviously, is one of the features that make the constructivist approach interesting for therapists.ivist approach interesting for therapists.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Knowledge as Environmental Fit/Z5oo5zzrj0  + (First of all, it is important to realize that there are several levels of reality that differ largely in the material that is used to construct the items that are then considered “real.”)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Knowledge as Environmental Fit/Eku7n1qmir  + (For constructivists, then, studying the ge … For constructivists, then, studying the genesis of the concepts that allow us to organize our experience is not a sin but a necessity; and the way in which that genesis will be studied should undoubtedly be part of psychology, even if the psychological establishment, with the exception of Piaget and his Geneva School, has hitherto not done very much in that direction.erto not done very much in that direction.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Jfxfuijhx1  + (For example, the visual experience that we … For example, the visual experience that we consider an instance of a specific object is different every time. The object’s shape changes according to the angle, and its size according to the distance from which it is seen. Its color changes according to the illumination, and other parameters are no less variable according to changes in the context. What, then, constitutes the invariant object which the organism recognizes?iant object which the organism recognizes?)
• Annotation:Annotationen:The Development of Language as Purposive Behavior/Jnn3h8oxj3  + (For induction, whether it is conscious in the form of a conclusion we draw, or unconscious in the form of a behavior that becomes established because of its success, springs always from the same root: a more or less regular recurrence in past experience.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Gs82cvn8ty  + (For many five-year-olds, for instance, the sun today and the sun yesterday are not yet one and the same individual (Piaget, 1971, p. 87).)
• Annotation:Annotationen:The Logic of Scientific Fallibility/R60qr14fqa  + (For many thousands of years the river Nile … For many thousands of years the river Nile flooded the Egyptian lowlands near the Mediterranean coast at least once a year. Vast amounts of fresh water seeped into the soil, fertilized it, and created a natural pressure against the water of the sea. The floods were a nuisance and, quite apart from this, using the Nile’s water to irrigate parts of the desert up-stream seemed eminently desirable. So the Assuan Dam was built to solve these two problems. The Nile no longer got out of hand and new land up- stream could be irrigated and cultivated. For a little while the dam seemed a wonderful success of science and engineering. Then it became clear that the salt of the Mediterranean was slowly but steadily seeping into and devastating the lowlands along the coast which had fed Egypt for millennia.e coast which had fed Egypt for millennia.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Why I Consider Myself a Cybernetician/Bpv4m0w0ac  + (For me, therefore, the world in which we find ourselves living, is the world that we have been able to build and maintain within the constraints we have so far experienced. – What could be more cybernetic than this?)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Distinguishing the Observer: An Attempt at Interpreting Maturana/Kr99ppmmzt  + (For that reason, a meticulous investigation such as Maturana’s, can only show that, regardless of where we step into the circle, we can neither come to an end of the path, nor, if we retraced our steps, to a beginning.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Adaptation and Viability/Dkvqwd8cv5  + (From an evolutionary point of view, it wou … From an evolutionary point of view, it would be far more consistent to say that, like mutations, novel behaviors may arise for no biological reason at all and may be perpetuated from generation to generation, provided they do not diminish the organisms’ biological viability below a critical point.ological viability below a critical point.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Distinguishing the Observer: An Attempt at Interpreting Maturana/E12cs7qh1d  + (From that angle, then, it becomes clear that, in the autopoietic organism also, “expectations” are nothing but re-presentations of experiences that are now projected into the direction of the not-yet-experienced.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:The Constructivist View of Communication/Z5i8w1rev8  + (From the constructivist point of view, it … From the constructivist point of view, it is important to stress that it does not matter if the thing I perceive when I follow the direction in which the other is looking is not quite the same as the thing he or she perceives. What DOES matter, in order to link a word to a percept, is that, whenever he or she utters a specific word, I see something that I can consider the repetition of what I saw on similar previous occasions. The crucial feature is the coordination of attention. feature is the coordination of attention.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Knowledge as Environmental Fit/Ab8fb8wrqd  + (From the radical constructivist perspectiv … From the radical constructivist perspective, “knowledge” fits reality in much the same way that a key fits a lock that it is able to open. The fit describes a capacity of the key, not a property of the lock. When we face a novel problem, we are in much the same position as the burglar who wishes to enter a house. The “key” with which he successfully opens the door might be a paper clip, a bobby pin, a credit card, or a skillfully crafted skeleton key. All that matters is that it fits within the constraints of the particular lock and allows the burglar to get in.lar lock and allows the burglar to get in.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Teleology and the Concepts of Causation/Xazuanz5mw  + (From this, one is led to conclude that the scientific search of efficient causes is fueled largely, if not entirely, by our intention to use them for the attainment of goals.)
• Annotation:The Development of Language as Purposive Behavior*/Vt0uvofbdz  + (Für den Organismus kann es keine Sache wie die "Umwelt" geben)
• Annotation:Thoughts about Space, Time, and the Concept of Identity/Aluavcyuj7  + (Für den Vergleich von Erfahrungen braucht es keine Gegenstände, die für sich exisiterien, sondern allein Erfahrung)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Knowledge as Environmental Fit/J3jyk1t96t  + (Given this central notion of fit, the radical constructivist theory of knowledge is essentially a cybernetic theory in that it is based on the principle of adaptation to constraints rather than the principle of causation.)

• Annotation:An Introduction to Radical Constructivism/Xa2garp97h  + (Gleichheit ist immer relativ)

• Annotation:The Development of Language as Purposive Behavior*/Q8vi6qlqva  + (Gruppenbildung und Kollaboration führt zu Kommunikation)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Abstraction, Re-Presentation, and Reflection: An Interpretation of Experience and of Piaget’s Approach/Sktb6xjmvl  + (Hence I suggest that, pace Berkeley, we ar … Hence I suggest that, pace Berkeley, we are quite able to abstract general ideas from experience and that we do this by substituting a kind of place-holder or variable for some of the properties in the sensory complex we have abstracted from our experiences of particular things.from our experiences of particular things.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Abstraction, Re-Presentation, and Reflection: An Interpretation of Experience and of Piaget’s Approach/Vop5onvlls  + (Hence I suggest that, pace Berkeley, we ar … Hence I suggest that, pace Berkeley, we are quite able to abstract general ideas from experience and that we do this by substituting a kind of place-holder or variable for some of the properties in the sensory complex we have abstracted from our experiences of particular things.from our experiences of particular things.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Teleology and the Concepts of Causation/Oh7ux4a16x  + (Hence it is quite legitimate to call the attainment and maintainment of the projected state the purpose in the mechanism.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Adaptation and Viability/Pqhlw7iuii  + (Hence one may also introduce the concept o … Hence one may also introduce the concept of reinforcement which, in phylogeny, would remain vacuous, since the only thing that could count as reinforcement on that level (i.e., survival) is not contingent upon the organism’s modification of its behavior but upon its past and therefore immutable history of genetic variation.re immutable history of genetic variation.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Ek33dv7qzk  + (Hence this use of an invariant scheme is by no means a manifestation of the concept of object permanence, because its invariance arises from and consists in the repetition of an activity and does not yet involve the invariance of an independent object.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/J9jqbrdr4b  + (Hence we may safely assume that attention can also shift between items when some or all of them are representational.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Teleology and the Concepts of Causation/Pycvf4uyiy  + (Hence, an external agent with powers that override the constraints we run into in our experiential world, would have to be supernatural and therefore out of bounds for science.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Abstraction, Re-Presentation, and Reflection: An Interpretation of Experience and of Piaget’s Approach/Zvvv0kffkv  + (Hence, from his perspective, there is no l … Hence, from his perspective, there is no linear progression without end, but simply development of method and concepts in one discipline leading to novel conceptualization and coordination in another. The recent impact of the physics of molecules and particles on the conceptual framework of biology would seem a good example.work of biology would seem a good example.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/Rsbwwqzmpz  + (Hence, from the organism’s point of view, … Hence, from the organism’s point of view, to assimilate means to modify a present experience so that it fits a hereditary or acquired scheme, i.e., a perceptual or motor pattern that already has, in some sense, the character of an invariant. In other words, invariants create repetition as much as repetition creates invariants. as much as repetition creates invariants.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Knowledge as Environmental Fit/F3mnmypox8  + (Hence, if our senses distort what they are supposed to “convey,” we have no way of ever discovering that distortion.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Teleology and the Concepts of Causation/Odh64ljwcj  + (Hence, it was unfortunate, to say the least, that the term teleological was indiscriminately applied to the explanation of actions that are in no way determined by something that lies in the future, something that still awaits to be experienced.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/I27jtuivlz  + (Hence, mention of “steps” in subsequent pa … Hence, mention of “steps” in subsequent paragraphs does not imply a chronological but a logical sequence. There are certain steps that are logically indispensable prerequisites for others. But the logic is our logic, an observer’s logic, and as such it applies to a model the observer is building.plies to a model the observer is building.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Aspects of Constructivism/Revr82oshc  + (Hence, no matter how one looks at it, an a … Hence, no matter how one looks at it, an analysis of meanings always leads to individual experience and the social process of accommodating the links between words and chunks of that experience until the individual deems they are compatible with the usage and the linguistic and behavioral responses of others.uistic and behavioral responses of others.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:An Introduction to Radical Constructivism/Rzvf82meai  + (Hence, the environment can, at best, be held responsible for extinction, but never for survival.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:The Logic of Scientific Fallibility/Zk2z3wzcac  + (Hence, the seemingly paradoxical assertion that an observer sees only what he or she already knows. This, in fact, is called “assimilation.”)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Aspects of Constructivism/Zcoxc69a3l  + (Hence, when Piaget speaks of interaction, this does not imply an organism that interacts with objects as they “really” are, but rather a cognitive subject that is dealing with previously constructed perceptual and conceptual structures.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Aspects of Constructivism/D5l3rmx70s  + (Hence, when we intend to stimulate and enhance a student’s learning, we cannot afford to forget that knowledge does not exist outside a person’s mind.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Cybernetics, Experience, and the Concept of Self/H3e51o6egn  + (Here I shall confine myself to pointing ou … Here I shall confine myself to pointing out that the kind of knowledge our simple organism acquires by installing connections between error signals and activities is, indeed, a form of construction, and since it deals exclusively with the proximal data of the organism’s own subjective experience, one would be justified in calling it wholly subjective.justified in calling it wholly subjective.)
• Annotation:The Development of Language as Purposive Behavior*/B1nqmyihqx  + (Hinterfragung der bisherigen Annahmen)
• Annotation:Annotationen:The Control of Perception and the Construction of Reality: Epistemological Aspects of the Feedback-Control System/Uf9f16stpl  + (Human knowledge in general, and science in particular, is not engaged in uncovering certainty, truth, or reality, or any of the bugbears of dogmatic science.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Knowing without Metaphysics: Aspects of the Radical Constructivist Position/Tipqfppga9  + (I am in agreement with Maturana when he says: ‘an observer has no operational basis to make any statements or claim about objects, entities or relations as if they existed independently of what he or she does’ (1988: 30).)
• Annotation:Annotationen:How Do We Mean A Constructivist Sketch of Semantics/C1hymz28by  + (I can illustrate this by a simple example. … I can illustrate this by a simple example. English text books of linguistics frequently give “the boy hit the ball” as example of a simple sentence that contains a subject, a verb, and an object. In the British Isles this sentence usually calls forth the re-presentation of a boy armed with a tennis racket or a golf club. In the United States he will be imagined to hold a baseball bat. This is a very minor difference. However, if the sentence has to be translated into German, it turns out to be far more complicated. The translator has to know more about the situational context, because the “simple” sentence turns out to be ambiguous. It would be appropriate in several situations, each of which requires different words in German. Here are the four most likely ones: Fig.6: “The boy hits the ball” If the boy hits the ball with a racket, a club, or a bat, the German verb has to be schlagen; if he hits it with an arrow or a bullet, it would be treffen; if he hits it with his bicycle, it would be stossen plus the preposition auf; and if he hits the ball when falling from the balcony, it would be fallen … auf or schlagen … auf.t would be fallen … auf or schlagen … auf.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Knowing without Metaphysics: Aspects of the Radical Constructivist Position/Roj6vedf4k  + (I claim that we cannot even imagine what the word ‘to exist’ might mean in an ontological context, because we cannot conceive of ‘being’ without the notions of space and time, and these two notions are among the first of our conceptual constructs.)
• Annotation:Annotationen:Abstraction, Re-Presentation, and Reflection: An Interpretation of Experience and of Piaget’s Approach/Wpt5k6ohg9  + (I hope to make this clear with the help of … I hope to make this clear with the help of an example. A child growing up in a region where apples are red would neessarily and quite correctly associate the idea of redness with the name “apple”. A distant relative arriving from another part of the country, bringing a basket of yellow apples, would cause a major perturbation for the child, who might want to insist that yellow things should not be called “apples”. However, the social pressure of the family’s usage of the word will soon force the child to accept the fact that the things people call “apple” come in different colors. The child might then be told that apples can also be green, which would enable the child to recognize such a particular green thing as an apple the first time it is brought to the house.the first time it is brought to the house.)